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| Sleep Stage: Theta, 10 min, 3-5% of sleep |
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| Sleep stage: sleep spindles, k complexes, 50-60% of time |
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| Sleep stage: 50-60% delta waves |
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| Sleep stage: >50% delta waves, about 45 minutes, groggy if wakened |
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| These occur in stage 2 sleep only, include sudden sharp waveforms, and happen one per minute for about 15 minute |
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| Loss of muscle tone, +EOG, +EEG, no EMG +brain 02 metabolism, 4-5 periods per night |
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| During these, high blood flow to visual association cortex, low to frontal cortex |
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| What stage do nightmares occur in? |
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| Are there consisten consequences of lack of sleep in humans? |
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| What happens after losing 1-2 hours of sleep for 3 days? |
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Definition
| + resting cortisol level, -prolactin and GH, -immune system, +fat deposition, -muscle growth, -mood, -cognition |
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Term
| this is caused by prion damage to thalamus, results in no slow wave sleep, little rem sleep, and death in 7-36 months |
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| 4 stages of fatal familial insomnia |
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Definition
| 1. insomnia, panic attacks, phbias (4 mo)2. hallucinations (5 mo) 3. inability to sleep, rapid weight loss (3 mo) 4. dementia, unresponsive, mute (6 mo) |
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Term
| This increases steadily during the day, producing seepy feelings at night; it is a by-product of glycogen that is broken down for energy |
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| Accumulation of adenosine produces increased ________ sleep, leading to increase in ATP to replace what was used during the day |
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| This produces cortical activation, and is the neural mechanism for REM sleep. |
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| Stimulating this NT produces vigilance, it's rate of firing drops to zero during REM and increases with wakefulness, it goes from locus coeruleus to most of the brain |
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| This goes from the raphe nuclei to most of teh brain, stimulation produces locomotion and cortical arousal, drops to 0 druing REM, increase after REM |
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| Important sleep structures, top to bottom |
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Definition
| thalamus, RAS, locus coeruleus (NE), raphe nuclei (5HT), pons, medulla |
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| Why do newer antihistamines not make you drowsy? |
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| This structure is rostral to hypothalamus, destruction produces insomnia and death, stimulates inhibitor GABA neurons in teh raphe nuclei and locus coeruleus, increased when tired |
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| VLPA malfunction causes this, which occurs in .05% of population (250,000 Americans) |
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| Narcoleptics have ______ REM periods and ________ cycles and deep sleep than normals |
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| This hypothalamus structure has 20,000 neurons, directly projects fibers from retina, and fetal fibres can restore circadian rhythms |
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Definition
| SCN suprachiasmatic nucleus |
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| This gland sits on midbrain, anterior of cerebellum, secretes melatonin, acts on SCN |
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| This produces immediate, profound deep sleep with no obvious side effects. |
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| Narcolepsy is a deficiency in ______, secreted by hypothalamus |
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