Term
| External Respiration vs internal respiration |
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Definition
external - exchange of gase between the atmosphere and body tissues
internal - cellular oxidative metabolism |
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Term
| Define ventilation and gas exchange |
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Definition
vent - movement of gas into and out of the lungs
gas exchange - occurs between lungs and blood and blood and tissues |
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Term
| List primary and secondary functions of the respiratory system |
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Definition
primary - getting O2 in and CO2 out
secondary - sound production, defend against infection, act as blood resevoir, trap blood clots |
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Term
Functions of:
nose
paranasal sinuses
pharynx
larynx
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Definition
nose - warm and moisten inspired air, filter large particles
paranasal - warm and moisten air, decrease weight of skull
pharynx - connection to middle ear
larynx - produces sound
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Term
| portion of the lung supplied by a primary respiratory bronchiole |
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Definition
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Term
| Sturcture that supports the alveoli |
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Definition
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Term
| Cells that secrete surfactant |
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Definition
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Term
| Type of cells that line the airway epithelium |
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Definition
| pseudostrat ciliated columnar |
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Term
| Define visceral pleura, parietal pleura, and pleural cavity |
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Definition
visceral - adheres to outer surface of lungs
parietal - ines thoracic walls
cavity - space between visc and pari |
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Term
What is RQ?
Equation and value in avg person |
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Definition
CO2 produced/O2 consumed
.8 |
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Term
| Minute volume/ventilation equation |
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Definition
| V(dot)E = tidal volume x respiratory rate |
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Term
| Equation for alveolar ventilation |
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Definition
| VA = minute ventilation - dead space ventilation |
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Term
| Important points about Poiseuilles Equation on airflow |
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Definition
directly proportional to the fourth power of the tube radius,
directly prop to driving pressure
inverse to viscosity
inverse to length |
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Term
| PNS releases _____ which causes _______ of smooth muscle. This ______(increase/decrease) airway resistance. |
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Definition
Ach
constriction
increases |
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Term
| SNS stimulation releases _______ and _______ which react with ________ receptors present in the airway smooth muscle. This causes smooth muscle to _______ |
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Definition
epinephrine
norepinephrine
B2 adrenergic
relax |
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Term
| This type of lung disease can be thought of as increases in airway resistance |
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Definition
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Term
Obstructive lung disease:
What happens to lung volumes?
Pulmonary function tests?
lung compliance?
airway resistance? |
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Definition
tlc, frc, and rv are all increased
fvc, fev1 and fvc/fev1 are decreased
compliance is not changed or increased
airway resistance increased |
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Term
Restrictive lung disease:
What happens to lung volumes?
Pulmonary function tests?
lung compliance?
airway resistance? |
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Definition
| Everything is decreased except for FEV1/FVC which is increased |
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Term
When _____ contracts, vertical dimensions of the thoracic cavity are increased and the lower rib margins are lifted and moved out
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Definition
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Term
| nerve that innervates each side of the diaphragm |
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Definition
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Term
| muscles that pull the ribs downward and inward |
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Definition
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Term
The pressure within the pleural cavity exerted outside the lungs within the thoracic cavity.
What does it do during inspiration? |
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Definition
intrapleural/intrathoracic pressure
Decreases and stays decreased until expriation begins |
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Term
Pressure within the alveoli
what happens to it during inspiration |
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Definition
intrapulmonary pressure
decreases initially to pull air in and then increases |
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Term
| Why is airway resistance increased in patients with emphysema? |
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Definition
| Airways are easily stretched open which can result in airway collapse (especially during expir) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
promotes stability of alveoli
increases lung compliance
reduces the alveolar surface tension |
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Term
% of nitrogen in air?
oxygen?
CO2? |
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Definition
Nitrogen - 79%
O2 - 21%
CO2 - .03% |
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Term
| Equation to find partial pressure |
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Definition
Px = Pb x Fx
(barometric pressure x fractional component of gas X)
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Term
| Henrys Law for the concentration of a dissolved gas in a liquid |
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Definition
Cx = Px x a
(partial pressure of gasx x its solubility) |
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Term
| partial pressure of H2O at body temperature |
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Definition
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Term
Alveolar gas equation:
(pressure of O2 in alveoli) |
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Definition
PAO2 = PIO2 - (PACO2/RQ)
(partial pressure of inspired oxygen - (partial alveolar pressure of CO2 / respiratory quotient)) |
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Term
| What is the major determinant of the rate of gas transfer? |
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Definition
| partial pressue gradients of O2 and CO2 |
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Term
| Increasing the blood PO2 will _____ the likelihood that ozygen will bind hemoglobin, this happens in the ______ capillaries |
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Definition
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Term
| Four conditions that affect the shape of the O2-Hb dissociation curve |
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Definition
| PCO2, pH, temp, and concentration of 2,3 DPG |
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Term
| P50 is _______ when the O2-Hb dissociation curve shifts to the right |
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Definition
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Term
| A fall in pH, rise in PCO2, or rise in temp will shift the O2-Hb curve to the ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| When the O2-Hb curve shifts to the left, there is a _______ in O2 affinity |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| decrease in O2 affinity of Hb when the pH of the blood falls |
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Term
2,3 DPG is plentiful in ________ and is produced there during __________.
An increase in the concentration of 2,3 DPG will shift the entire O2-Hb curve to the _______.
High 2,3 DPG concentrations will facilitate ______ of oxygen at the tissues |
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Definition
RBC, anaerobic respiration
right
unloading |
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Term
| maximum amount of O2 that can be combined with Hb (term and equation) |
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Definition
| O2 capacity = 1.34 x Hb concentration |
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Term
| equation for oxygen content |
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Definition
| O2 content = (1.34 x Hb concentration) + (.003 x PO2) |
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Term
| type of hypoxia where the blood contains abnormally low O2. Hb is poorly saturated. Can occur at high altitudes, during hypoventilation, or when gas exchange is disrupted |
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Definition
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Term
| Term for when blood is insufficient at the cellular level |
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Definition
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Term
| type of hypoxia where PO2 is normal but the Hb concentration is low. Oxygen capacity and content are reduced. Can be caused by CO poisoning. |
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Definition
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Term
| type of hypoxia where there is a reduction in tissue blood flow. Could be due to decrease in cardiac output or due to obstruction of blood flow in a particular vascular bed |
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Definition
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Term
type of hypoxia that occurs when a toxic substance interferes with the ability of tissues to use O2. Amount of O2 in the blood is high but tissue consumption is low
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the chemical reaction that forms bicarb take place? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the enzyme that accelerates the formation of bicarb |
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Definition
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Term
| the membrane of RBCs are impermeable to which ion? |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ ions diffuse out of RBCs and are replaced by ________ ions. This is known as________ |
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Definition
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Term
| The fact that deoxy Hb increases its ability to carry CO2 is know as: |
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Definition
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Term
| When the pulmonary arterial or venous pressure increases, pulmonary vascular resistance _________. This effect is due to both _______ and ________ |
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Definition
decreases
recruitment of new pulmonary beds
distension of already opened vessels |
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Term
| If the surrounding P_ is greater than P_, the capillary will be squeezed shut and there will be no blood flow |
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Definition
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Term
| Blood flow in zone 2 of lungs is determined by the difference between: |
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Definition
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Term
| In systemic arterioles, decreased O2 causes ______ while in the pulmonary arterioles it causes _______ |
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Definition
vasodilation
vasoconstriction |
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Term
| Alveoli at the ____ of the lungs are better ventilated than the alveoli at the ______ of the lungs |
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Definition
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Term
| the ventilation to perfusion ratio is ______ at the apex and _______ at the base |
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Definition
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Term
| Receptors in the brain that are responsible for generating the basic ryhtmic pattern of breathing |
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Definition
| Medullary respiratory centers |
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Term
| This area of the brain consists mostly of inspiratory neurons whose descending fibers synpase on motor neurons that control inspiration |
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Definition
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Term
| This area of the brain consists of both inspir and expir neurons |
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Definition
| Ventral respiratory group (VRG) |
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Term
| This special area at the rostral end of the VRG is thought to contain a network of neurons that is involved in the respiratory rhythm generating process |
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Definition
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Term
| Is an important autonomics intergrative center within the brainstem and has many cardio-respiratory afferents project to various parts |
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Definition
| NTS (nucelus tractus solitarius) |
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Term
| This center prolongs the inspiratory effect |
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Definition
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Term
| This area of the brain sends impulses to the apneustic center that help switch off the inspiratory effect |
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Definition
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Term
| nerves that innervate the external intercostal muscles |
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Definition
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Term
| arterial chemoreceptors respond to specific changes in the _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Difference between type one and type 2 glomus cells |
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Definition
| type1 have dopamine, type 2 dont |
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Term
| Anemia doesnt stimulate ventilation because.... |
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Definition
| the partial pressure, not the content on O2 is the stimulus for increase discharge rate |
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Term
| _______ are the most important receptors involved in minute to minute control on ventilation |
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Definition
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Term
| Effect of increase in arterial pH on peripheral chemoreceptors and central chemoreceptors |
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Definition
| stimulates peripheral, does not affect central because H can cross blood brain barrier |
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Term
| Effect of increase of arterial PCO2 on peripheral and central chemoreceptors |
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Definition
| weakly stimulates the arterial, strongly stimulates the central |
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Term
| These receptors are located within the smooth musc of the lungs, stretching of the lungs activates them |
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Definition
| pulmonary stretch receptors |
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Term
| reflex that cuts inspir short before lung overinflate |
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Definition
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Term
receptors that lie between airway epithelial cells and are stimulates by noxious gases, smoke, dust
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Definition
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Term
| receptors that are located in the lung inerstitium, excited by interstitial edem |
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Definition
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Term
| an increase in pulmoary ventilation that exceeds the bodys need for removal of CO2 |
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Definition
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Term
| ventilation that matches an increase in metaboic demand such as during exercise |
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Definition
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