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Definition
| The study of objects at rest and in motion. |
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Definition
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| The kinetic energy of the random motion of molecules is known as... |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the fundemental particles of an atom? |
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Definition
| Proton, Neutron, and Electron |
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Definition
| The binding energies or energy levels of electrons are represented by their shells. Begins with the letter K. |
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Definition
| Number of cycles per unit of time. It is the rise and fall of the wave. |
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Term
| What is the only constant with all electromagnetic radiation? |
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Definition
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Term
| Protons with increased frequency have what kind of wavelengths? |
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Definition
Short wavelengths = high frequency
Long wavelenths = low frequency |
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Term
| What is the smallest unit of electrical charge? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Unit of potential difference. kVp = 1000 V |
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Term
| What is electrical power measured in? |
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Definition
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Definition
| An electric current is induced to flow in a circuit if some part of that circuit is in a changing magnetic field. |
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Term
| Does the number of windings on the primary side of a step up transformer have more or less windings than the secondary side. . |
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Definition
| The primary side has less windings than the secondary side in a step up transformer. It would have more in a step down transformer. |
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Definition
| Converts mechanical energy to electrical energy. |
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Definition
| Compensates the incoming voltage so that a constant voltage may be used during exposure and not a varying voltage. |
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Term
| What is the first component in the xray circuit to receive power? |
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Definition
| Autotransformer. It has one winding. |
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Term
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Definition
| Provides electrons for thh x-ray tube current, mA. |
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Term
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Definition
| High Voltage step up transformer on kVp side to increase low volts to kV, Filament step down transformer on mA side to decrease Amps to mA, and 4 rectifiers which converts AC to DC. |
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Term
| Which part of the current cycle runs through the xray tube with 1/2 wave rectification. |
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Definition
| The positive side. Most energy is wasted in this manner. |
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Term
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Definition
| 4 rectifiers are used to convert negative portion of AC wave to positive portion that can be used by xray tube. |
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Term
| What is the most efficient of all xray generators? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the negative side of the xray tube? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Positive side of the xray tube. 99% of electrons hit here are converted to heat. |
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Term
| What is the filament on the cathode side made of? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the source of radiation on the xray tube? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Xray intensity is lower on the anode side. Position cathode side over denser tissues due to this. |
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Term
| What is the only part of the xray tube that is locate outside the tube itself? |
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Definition
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Term
| What percentage of the electron interactions is converted to heat? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Xray is created by release of binding energy. Only useful radiations is from K shell. 10% of all interactions. |
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Term
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Definition
| 90% of all xrays produced. Produced by electrons slowing near the nucleus. |
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Term
| Will Brems radiation increase or decrease as mAs increases? |
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Definition
| Brems radiation will increase with more mAs selection. |
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Term
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Definition
| An increase in kVp of 15% is the same as doubling the mAs. |
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Term
| Factors affecting quantity and quality. |
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Definition
Distance = quantity
Filtration = quality
mAs = Quantity
kVp= Quality
Double mAs is double the density. |
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Term
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Definition
Intensity1(2) Distance2 (2)
--------------- = ---------------
Intensity2 (2) Distance1 (2) |
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Term
| If an exposure for a PA chest is 10mR at a SID of 40", what would the exposure be at a SID of 60"? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Main purpose is to save patient dose. |
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Term
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Definition
| Outer shell electron is ejected. Incident photon loses energy and changes direction. |
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Term
| Does the probability of photoelectric interactions increase or decrease with an increase of kVp? |
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Definition
| Photoelectric interactions decrease with an increase in kVp. |
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Term
| What tissue has the highest mass density? |
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Definition
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Term
| What tissue has the lowest mass density? |
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Definition
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Term
| Factors contributing to image fog. |
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Definition
| Secondary radiation (compton scatter, coherent scatter- may also cause some film fogging). |
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Term
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Definition
| Keeps silver halide crystals in place. |
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Term
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Definition
| Consists of Silver bromide and silver iodide. Contaminent of silver sulfide inside crystal creats sensitivity speck. |
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Term
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Definition
| Photon of light releases electon in bromine atom, electron moves to positive sulfide sensitivity speck, the new metallic silver forms latent (invisible) image, film developed for image formation. |
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Term
| What elements interact with the xray photon in the emulsion? |
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Definition
| Bromide and Iodide lose their electrons which are attracted to the positive sensitivity speck. |
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Term
| Does direct exposure film have thicker or thinner emulsion than screen film? |
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Definition
| Direct exposure film has a thicker emulsion than screen film due to silver halide crystals. |
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Term
| Would you rather have single or double emulsion film. |
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Definition
| Double emulsion due to faster, enhanced film speed. |
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Term
| If a film is developed and it is too wet, what component of the processor might be off? |
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Definition
| The glutaraldehyde in the developer. |
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Term
| If a film begins to turn brown, which chemical in the processor might be off? |
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Definition
| The Amonium thiosulfate in the fixer might be off. |
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Term
| What important development lead to 90 second processing? |
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Definition
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Term
| Chemical agents in the developer |
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Definition
| Hydroquinine, Phenidone, and Glutaraldehyde. |
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Term
| Chemical agents in the fixer |
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Definition
| Sodium sulfite, Ammonium Thiosulfate. |
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Term
| What are the reducing agents in the developer? |
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Definition
| Phenidone and Hudroquinine |
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Term
| What chemicals remove the undeveloped silver. |
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Definition
| The sodium thiosulfate and ammonium thiosulfate in the fixing agent. |
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Term
| What chemical controls emulsion swelling? |
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Definition
| Glutaraldehyde in the developer. |
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Term
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Definition
| support for phosphor made of polyester |
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Term
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Definition
| Increases the light emitting efficiency. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How much of the latent image is created by light from the screens? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Luminescent materal emits light after its outer shell electrons are excited. |
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Term
| Luminescence: Fluorescence |
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Definition
| Visible light is emitted only while the phosphor is stimulated. |
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Term
| Luminescence: Phosphorescence |
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Definition
| Phosphor continues to emit light after stimulation. |
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Term
| What film is sensitive to green light? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does a wire mesh test check for? |
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Definition
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Term
| When you increase kVp, do you increase or decrease scatter radiation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the factors affecting scatter radiation? |
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Definition
| increase scatter= increase kVp, field size, and patient thickness |
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Term
| Compton Radiation and scatter |
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Definition
| Contributes to image noise/fog |
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Term
| What are some ways to improve contrast resolution? |
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Definition
| Decrease kVp,increase collimation, reduce patient thickness |
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Term
| Decreasing kVp will increase or decrease patient dose? |
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Definition
| Decreasing kVp increases patient dose. |
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Term
| Beam Restricting devices are only good at fixed SID's. True or False |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A fixed lead lined metal diaphragm. 1cm of unexposed border is visible on film. |
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Term
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Definition
| A fixed lead lined metal diaphragm. 1cm of unexposed border is visible on film. |
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Term
| What are the factors affecting scatter absorption? |
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Definition
| Width of grid interspace, height of lead strips, and angle of the scatter photon. |
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Term
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Definition
h height of lead strips
--- = ----------------------
d width of interspace |
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Term
| Purpose of using a grid is to reduce patient dose. True or False |
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Definition
| False. It is used to increase contrast. |
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Term
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Definition
| All lead strips parallel. Main disadvantage is grid cutoff. |
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Term
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Definition
| The grid strips are angled so they coincide with the beam divergence. Problem is incorrect SID use. |
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Term
| An increase in mAs will have what affect on quality and quantity? |
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Definition
| Same quality and increased quantity. |
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Term
| What is the aluminum equlivent of inherent filration. |
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Definition
| .5 mm aluminum equilivent. |
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Term
| Factors influencing technique chart |
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Definition
| equipment, patient size, filtration, SID, Grid Ratio, mA, kVp, and focal spot |
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Term
| Medical Conditions that require an increase in technique |
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Definition
| Atelectasis, Pnemonia, Pleural Effusion |
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Term
| Medical Conditions that require a decrease in technique? |
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Definition
| Emphysema, Osteoporosis, Degenerative arthritis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the factors affecting spatial resolution? |
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Definition
| Spatial resolution can be improved with a decrease in screen blur, motion, geometric blur. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to visualize 2 seperate objects and detect 1 from the other. |
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Term
| Factors affecting magnification |
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Definition
| Increased SID and decreased OID will decrease magnification. |
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Term
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Definition
| Caused by the effective size of the focal spot and is larger to the cathode side. |
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Term
| Patient thickness and its affect on magnification, contrast, and focal spot blur. |
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Definition
| Increased patient thickness has an affect on increased magnification, decreased contrast, and increased focal spot blur. |
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Term
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Definition
| The digital representation of the image stored in rows and columns. |
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Term
| Where is the latent image stored in CR? |
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Definition
| In the photostimuable phosphor |
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Term
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Definition
| Adjusts the midpoint of the densities. |
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Definition
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Term
| First method of converting xrays into digital images? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Detective Quantum Efficency. The efficiency of converting the informatio. from xray intensities into an image. DR is highest. |
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