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Physical Science Chapters 3&4
Heat, Energy, Force, etc.
87
Science
Undergraduate 1
10/07/2008

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Term
Conduction
Definition
Energy is transferred from one molecule to another molecule. Occurs only within solids.
Term
Insulator
Definition
A poor conductor.
Term
Convection
Definition
The movement of molecules within fluids. Occurs mostly in liquids. Can occur within gases, like air. Warmer, less air is displaced by a cooler, more dense air.
Term
Radiation
Definition
A type of energy that moves through space. All objects (solids, liquids and gases) with a temperature more than absolute zero give off radiant energy. All objects absorb radiant energy.
Term
Energy gets absorbed
Definition
SOLID to a LIQUID to a GAS
Term
Energy gets released
Definition
GAS to LIQUID to SOLID
Term
What is heat measure in?
Definition
Calories
Term
What is a calorie?
Definition
The amount of energy needed to raise 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius.
Term
4.184 joules = ?
Definition
One calorie = 4.184 joules.
Term
True of False...Temperature always goes from HOT to COLD.
Definition
True, Temperature always goes from HOT to COLD, never COLD to HOT.
Term
Temperature
Definition
The measure of average Kinetic Energy.The average internal energy of an object.
Term
What are the three phases of matter?
Definition
Solids, Liquids and Gasses
Term
Thermodynamics
Definition
The study of macroscopic processes involving heat, mechanical energy and other forms of energy. This applies to systems with inputs and outputs.
Term
Kinetic Molecular Theory
Definition
1: Matter is made up of atoms.
2: Atoms combine to form molecules.
Term
When an object is getting heated up, the internal energy _____________.
Definition
Increases.
Term
When an object is cooling down, the internal energy ___________.
Definition
Decreases.
Term
What is stored energy?
Definition
Potential Energy.
Term
What is the energy of motion?
Definition
Kinetic Energy.
Term
Energy
Definition
The ability to do work.
Term
Conservation of Energy
Definition
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, on transferred from one form of energy to another form.
Term
What are the 6 simple machines?
Definition
1: Lever
2: Incline Plane
3: Wedge
4: Screw
5: Pulley
6: Wheel and Axle
Term
What is the equation for calculating horsepower?
Definition
Rate of Power/550 (constant) = hp
Term
Force
Definition
A push or a pull.
Term
When ________ is being done, force and _________ must be in the same direction.
Definition
work, distance
Term
What is the equation for work?
Definition
work = force x distance
Term
What is force measured in?
Definition
Newtons or Pounds.
Term
What is distance measured in?
Definition
Meters or Feet.
Term
What is work measure in?
Definition
Joules, kg x m2/s2
Term
Power
Definition
The rate at which energy is changed or work is done.
Term
What is the equation for power?
Definition
power = work/time.
Term
True of False...An object must move for work to be done.
Definition
True, an object must have force and distance in the same direction in order for work to be done.
Term
Level One Lever
Definition
Resistance, Fulcrum, Effort.
Term
Level Two Lever
Definition
Fulcrum, Effort, Resistance.
Term
Level Three Lever
Definition
Fulcrum, Resistance, Effort.
Term
External Energy
Definition
Visible.
Term
Internal Energy
Definition
Not Visible.
Term
Second Law of Thermodynamics
Definition
No process can solely convert a quantity of heat to work. Heat always flows hot to cold. Entropy.
Term
True of False...Temperature increases as you go from a Solid to Liquid to Gas.
Definition
True, as temperature increases the phases go from Solid to Liquid to Gas.
Term
Boiling Point
Definition
The temperature at which a liquid changes to a gas.
Term
Melting Point
Definition
The temperature at which a solid changes into a liquid.
Term
Condensation Point
Definition
The temperature at which a gas changes into a liquid. Opposite of evaporation.
Term
Sublimation
Definition
Directly from solid to gas. Example is dry ice.
Term
Evaporation
Definition
Liquid to a Gas.
Term
If temperature decreases...
Definition
Kinetic Energy decreases.
Term
If temperature increases...
Definition
Kinetic Energy increases.
Term
Relative Humidity
Definition
Ratio of how much water vapor is in the air compared to how much water vapor should be in the air. This is expressed as a percent.
Water vapor in the air x 100 = relative humidity.
Term
Tightly packed molecules. Little to no movement. Very cohesive.
Definition
Solid.
Term
Slightly packed molecules. Slightly cohesive. Medium amounts of movement.
Definition
Liquid.
Term
Not packed. No cohesiveness. Quickly moving molecules.
Definition
Gases.
Term
Heat
Definition
The sum of all the internal energy in a system.
Term
The energy of motion is called _______ energy.
Definition
Kinetic Energy.
Term
__________ is the measurement of the average kinetic energy of the molecules making up an object.
Definition
Temperature.
Term
True or False...If enough thermal energy is applied to a material, it will change state.
Definition
True.
Term
What is heat measured in?
Definition
Joules.
Term
Give one way thermal energy is used.
Definition
Power steam locomotives.
Term
The Law of Conservation of Energy states that the total amount of energy in any closed, isolated system remains __________.
Definition
Constant.
Term
True or False...Energy can only change form; it cannot be created or destroyed.
Definition
True - First Law of Thermodynamics.
Term
The Law of Conservation of Energy is also known as....
Definition
The First Law of Thermodynamics.
Term
Molecules are bound together by...
Definition
Electrical Forces.
Term
True or False...The bond between particles in gases are stronger than the bonds in liquids.
Definition
False.
Term
True or False...The melting point of an object is also its freezing point.
Definition
True.
Term
Melting Point
Definition
The temperature at which a solid changes into a liquid.
Term
Boiling Point
Definition
The temperature at which a liquid turns into a gas.
Term
When heat is removed from a liquid, it particles ______________ and the liquid contracts.
Definition
The particles slow down.
Term
True or False...All materials expand and contract at the same rate.
Definition
False.
Term
Give two places where expansion joints are used.
Definition
Sidewalks and Freeways.
Term
Give an exception to the rules of expansion and contraction.
Definition
Water: water expands as it gets colder due to the formation of the crystals.
Term
Specific Heat Capacity
Definition
The amount of energy that must be absorbed in order to raise the temperature of one gram of material one degree Celsius.
Term
Heat or thermal energy can be measured in...
Definition
Calories.
Term
List three ways in which thermal energy is transferred...
Definition
Conduction, Convection and Radiation.
Term
What can occur only in gases?
Definition
Convection.
Term
What can occur only in solids?
Definition
Conduction.
Term
Give an example of a good conductor.
Definition
Copper.
Term
What is one of the most important uses of heat energy?
Definition
Generate Electricity.
Term
True or False...In order for an object at rest to move, a force must be applied to it.
Definition
True.
Term
The more force applied to an object...
Definition
The faster the object will move.
Term
Gravitational forces _________(decrease/increase) as the distance between objects ___________(decrease/increase)
Definition
Decrease, Increase.
Term
True or False...Magnetic force is an example of a force field.
Definition
True.
Term
The relationship between electrical forces and magnetic forces.
Definition
Electromagnetic.
Term
What happens when the flow of electricity is reversed in an electromagnet?
Definition
It reverses the pull of the electromagnet.
Term
Commutator.
Definition
Reverses the flow of electricity.
Term
Strong Force.
Definition
The strongest field force in the nuclear field.
Term
Fundamental Forces of Nature
Definition
Gravitational, Electromagnetic, Nuclear
Term
Force
Definition
Mass x Acceleration.
Term
Pressure.
Definition
Force per unit area, measured in pascals.
Term
What does falling atmospheric pressure usually mean?
Definition
Warmer and wetter weather.
Term
True or False...Whenever work is done, energy is transferred.
Definition
True.
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