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Physical Science A
Physical Science Semester A
389
Science
10th Grade
03/21/2011
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Term
Anything that has mass and occupies space
 Definition
matter
Term
Which two particles have a mass of 1.7 x 10^-27 kg?
 Definition
Protons and Neutrons
Term
What type of particle has a mass of 9.1 x 10^-31 kg?
 Definition
Electron
Term
the amount of mass in a given volume of water
 Definition
density
Term
a material’s ability to transfer energy from one source to another
 Definition
conductivity
Term
the degree to which a substance can be dissolved in water
 Definition
solubility
Term
temperature at which a liquid becomes a solid
 Definition
freezing point
Term
temperature at which a liquid will start to become a gas
 Definition
boiling point
Term
Which subatomic particle has the least mass?
 Definition
electron
Term
The temperature at which a liquid becomes a solid is the:
 Definition
freezing point
Term
Which of the following would be the best insulator?
 Definition
plastic
Term
Gases and liquids will both expand to fill their container. T/F
 Definition
False
Term
Solids can take the shape of their container. T/F
 Definition
False
Term
Which of the following best defines conductivity?
 Definition
ability of a substance to transfer energy
Term
____________ is the tendency that a given type of matter has to sink or float in a liquid.
 Definition
Buoyancy
Term
What is the common unit of volume for solid substances?
 Definition
cm3
Term
Which formula correctly expresses the property density?
 Definition
D = m/v
Term
Plastic is used to cover electrical cords. This indicates that plastic is a(n) ________.
 Definition
insulator
Term
A doctor needs to know how the chemicals in a medicine will dissolve in water. What property of matter does the doctor need to look up?
 Definition
solubility
Term
Which of the following insulators are used for tiles on a space shuttle?
 Definition
Silica
Term
Lightning is an example of matter in a liquid state. T/F
 Definition
False
Term
Plasma is the most abundant state of matter in the universe. T/F
 Definition
True
Term
In a solid, the atoms are tightly locked in position and do not change position. T/F
 Definition
True
Term
Which subparticle has a positive charge?
 Definition
Proton
Term
In which state of matter are the atoms most tightly packed?
 Definition
solid
Term
What occurs when a solid changes directly to a gas without an intermediate liquid stage?
 Definition
sublimation
Term
Water freezes or becomes a solid at what temperature?
 Definition
0 degrees Celsius
Term
During vaporization, a ________ becomes a _______.
 Definition
liquid, gas
Term
The change from a gas to a solid is called:
 Definition
sublimation
Term
According to Charles's Law, increasing the temperature of a balloon will have which effect on the balloon's volume?
 Definition
increase
Term
Oxidation is the reaction of a substance with oxygen to form a new substance. This is an example of a chemical change. T/F
 Definition
True
Term
How is Boyle's Law written mathematically?
 Definition
PV = k
Term
In a chemical change, the substance that changes is called the product. T/F
 Definition
False
Term
A piece of metal is cut into smaller and smaller pieces until each piece is microscopically small. This is an example of a physical change. T/F
 Definition
True
Term
A tight metal lid on a glass jar of jam may loosen if the lid is held under hot water for few minutes. This is because the water causes the ________.
 Definition
metal lid to expand
Term
A piece of paper is cut in half. Is this an example of a chemical or a physical change?
 Definition
physical change
Term
A piece of wood is cut and burned. Cutting the wood is a chemical change and burning the wood is a physical change. T/F
 Definition
False
Term
At what temperature does water become a gas?
 Definition
100 degrees C
Term
According to Boyle's Law, increasing the pressure of a gas will have which effect on its volume?
 Definition
decrease
Term
Which of the following is the best definition of vaporization?
 Definition
change of a liquid to a gas
Term
What takes place when heat is transferred from one substance to another by direct contact?
 Definition
Conduction
Term
What occurs when energy is transported by waves that travel through space?
 Definition
Radiation
Term
What occurs when a hot liquid or gas moves from one region to another, carrying heat energy with it?
 Definition
Convection
Term
Which of the following is a disadvantage of hydropower?
 Definition
Hydropower can disrupt the flow of rivers and harm wildlife
Term
A car at the top of a roller coaster and an apple in a tree both have potential energy. T/F
 Definition
True
Term
________ occurs when a hot liquid or gas move from one region to another, carrying energy with it
 Definition
convection
Term
Which of the following is the best definition of energy?
 Definition
the ability to do work
Term
The process by which a liquid changes to a gas is:
 Definition
evaporation
Term
Which of the following drives the movement of convection currents?
 Definition
density differences
Term
Which of the following is an advantage of burning fossil fuels for energy?
 Definition
low cost to produce
Term
What purpose does a generator serve in a power plant?
 Definition
converts mechanical energy to electrical energy
Term
A car traveling at 65 miles per hour has kinetic energy because of its position on the road. T/F
 Definition
False
Term
Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. T/F
 Definition
True
Term
Which of the following is a major disadvantage of nuclear power?
 Definition
toxic waste materials
Term
Potential energy is the energy that an object has due to its position. T/F
 Definition
True
Term
________ occurs when energy is transported by waves that travel through space.
 Definition
Radiation
Term
When a solid changes to a liquid, energy is:
 Definition
absorbed
Term
How is steam used to generate electricity?
 Definition
It is used to spin a turbine and generate mechanical energy, which can then be converted to electrical energy.
Term
The __________ energy of a turbine is converted to ____________ energy by a generator.
 Definition
Mechanical, electrical
Term
In a coal-burning power plant, what part of the system cools the steam so it can return to a liquid form?
 Definition
Condenser
Term
What type of energy is held in the steam produced in a power plant?
 Definition
heat
Term
In a coal-burning power plant, what part of the system is where the crushed coal is heated?
 Definition
Boiler
Term
If we use energy more efficiently, we get more ______ from our energy.
 Definition
useful work
Term
An piano converts _________ energy to ___________ energy.
 Definition
mechanical, sound
Term
Which of the following is the leading source of electricity generation in the US?
 Definition
coal
Term
Which country leads the world in wind energy?
 Definition
Denmark
Term
Which of the following is a non-renewable source of energy?
 Definition
coal
Term
Which form of energy do we consider to be lost energy?
 Definition
Heat
Term
The average U.S. home produces two times the amount of carbon dioxide as a car. T/F
 Definition
True
Term
____________ describes the amount of useful energy that you get from a system.
 Definition
energy efficiency
Term
Most energy released from an energy source is able to do useful work. T/F
 Definition
False
Term
Energy can transfer from one form to another. For instance, a piano transforms _____________ energy to ________ energy.
 Definition
mechanical, sound
Term
According to the law of conservation of energy, the total amount of energy in the universe does not change, but remains constant. T/F
 Definition
True
Term
The energy input of a light bulb is 100 units of energy. Its energy output is 70 units of energy. What is the energy efficiency of the light bulb?
 Definition
0.70
Term
What type of fuel does a nuclear power plant use to generate steam?
 Definition
uranium atoms
Term
What happens to the energy put into a machine that does not get used to do useful work?
 Definition
most gets converted to heat energy
Term
When n = energy efficiency and P in = energy input and P out = energy output, how can you mathematically represent the correct relationship between the energy you put in something and the energy you get out?
 Definition
n = P out / P in
Term
In any energy transformation, there is always some energy that gets wasted as non-useful heat. T/F
 Definition
True
Term
Two scientists have a difference of opinion about something supernatural and they engage in a rational argument. Which of the following would we call this?
 Definition
Philosophy
Term
Two scientists are discussing their beliefs about something they cannot observe. Which of the following would we call this?
 Definition
Religion
Term
If you wanted to learn about living things such as frogs, which of the following would you study?
 Definition
life science
Term
Which statement best describes what is necessary for a scientific experiment to be considered reliable? In order for a scientific experiment to be reliable,
 Definition
the results must be reproducible.
Term
Which statement describes the most important reason for you to know some information about who wrote an article that you were going to use for a science report?
 Definition
You would want to make sure the article was free from bias.
Term
Which of the following must be true for a question to be able to be answered through science?
 Definition
The question must be based on an observation of the natural world.
Term
Which of the following does science attempt to do?
 Definition
Define or explain the natural world
Term
Which type of scientist studies cultures?
 Definition
Social scientist
Term
Which example best illustrates science in action?
 Definition
A woman mixes warm water and yeast to cause a reaction which results in her bread rising.
Term
When using the scientific method, what is the last thing a scientist must do before the conclusions can be considered trustworthy?
 Definition
Repeat the experiment
Term
As scientists learn more, what happens to scientific ideas?
 Definition
The ideas are often revised.
Term
Which statement best describes why scientific ideas are trustworthy?
 Definition
Scientific ideas are trustworthy because they have been tested.
Term
A researcher uses scientific studies to draw conclusions. Which of the following would we call this?
 Definition
Scientific research
Term
Which of the following are important tools that can also be considered a branch of science?
 Definition
Mathematics and logic
Term
Which statement best describes the goal of a scientific experiment?
 Definition
Scientific experiments answer the questions that come from scientist's observations.
Term
How can the scientific method be used?
 Definition
Answer questions and solve problems.
Term
Before the result of an experiment can be considered reliable, you must:
 Definition
Repeat the experiment and get the same results.
Term
The scale in a graph is determined by
 Definition
the range of values present.
Term
After you've done an experiment, you realize that your experiment did not carefully control all the variables. You should:
 Definition
Revise the experiment and redo it.
Term
If we wanted to know what number occurs most frequently in a set of data, what would we calculate?
 Definition
mode
Term
A circle graph is most useful when displaying data that
 Definition
tells us about parts of a whole.
Term
When attempting to solve a difficult problem, the best scientific approach would be to
 Definition
bring together a team of scientists with different backgrounds and perspectives to work together to find a solution to the problem.
Term
Which statement best describes a scientific theory?
 Definition
An explanation of why things happen in the natural world
Term
If you wanted to measure mass, which tool would you use?
 Definition
A triple beam balance
Term
In which step of the scientific method do you test your hypothesis?
 Definition
Experiment
Term
What are ethics?
 Definition
Sets of standards that help determine right from wrong
Term
Which statement is true about theories and laws?
 Definition
Theories never become laws.
Term
If you wanted to make a prediction about an event that required complicated analysis of data, which tool would be most helpful?
 Definition
A scientific model
Term
Which statement best describes a scientific law?
 Definition
A statement that describes an occurrence in the natural world
Term
In order to prove or disprove your hypothesis, you must
 Definition
use the scientific method and draw a conclusion.
Term
Which statement best describes how scientists can solve big problems?
 Definition
Using the scientific method, scientists can work together to test different hypotheses and determine the best solution for the problem.
Term
Which statement best describes a scientific model?
 Definition
A scientific model is a physical representation of an object or a computer program that uses data to help predict events.
Term
What is the first step in the scientific method?
 Definition
Observation
Term
Which statement is true about theories and laws?
 Definition
Theories explain observable events; laws describe observable events.
Term
When scientific research supports different points of view,
 Definition
a scientific debate can help answer the question.
Term
When there are parts of an experiment that scientists cannot carefully control, they should
 Definition
redesign the experiment to be sure they are testing only one variable.
Term
If there are problems with scientific research,
 Definition
the experiment should be adjusted and repeated to be sure the results are reliable.
Term
When scientific ethics are in question, what would be the best process to follow?
 Definition
Appoint a group of scientists with no bias to follow the process of peer review.
Term
When scientists disagree,
 Definition
scientific experimentation and debate can help settle the differences of opinion.
Term
When decisions are made on public funding for research,
 Definition
government should consider public opinion.
Term
In the United States,
 Definition
some research is funded by the government, some is funded by private industry.
Term
When comparing scientific debate to social debate we can conclude that,
 Definition
they both involve using evidence to discuss differences of opinion.
Term
Which statement is false?
 Definition
Scientific evidence always agrees.
Term
A group of scientists wants to alter the DNA in a plant so that it will be able to grow with no water. They plan to use this to help poor desert nations grow food to feed their starving people. What is this an example of?
 Definition
An ethical use of genetic engineering because they want to help people.
Term
In science it is important that
 Definition
all scientists use the scientific method and debate their differences of opinion.
Term
Which description best shows how society plays a part in scientific research and funding?
 Definition
In the United States, many citizens believe it is wrong to clone humans. They got together and campaigned against cloning. As a result, the U.S. government will not fund any type of project related to human cloning.
Term
In the United States, if most citizens believed a certain type of scientific research was ethically wrong,
 Definition
it is likely that the government would make it illegal.
Term
Which statement best describes the goal of scientific research on genetic engineering?
 Definition
To create plants that solve societal problems like hunger and pollution.
Term
Scientists should not undertake a research project that is considered
 Definition
unethical to society.
Term
Which statement best describes why scientific research on human cloning is often funded by private companies?
 Definition
Since human cloning has many ethical considerations, many governments will not fund the research.
Term
Anything that is gathered using the scientific method that supports a hypothesis can be considered
 Definition
Scientific evidence
Term
When considering a research project, it is most important that a scientist takes into account
 Definition
the costs vs. the benefits of the project
Term
When scientists all over the world use technology and share information,
 Definition
the entire scientific community benefits.
Term
When a manufacturer intentionally misleads customers by only revealing part of the truth about the evidence that supports a product claim, this is called:
 Definition
Failure to disclose.
Term
The government will not allow a manufacturer to make a product claim if:
 Definition
The evidence they use to back up the claim is based on research that has not been reviewed by other scientists and shown to be reproducible.
Term
Which statement best describes how public officials use technology to benefit individual citizens?
 Definition
If a scientific model predicts that a hurricane will hit a specific area, public officials will know which people are in the biggest danger and will order evacuations.
Term
Which example best shows how scientific discoveries benefit society in times of disaster?
 Definition
Scientific models help scientists predict the path of storms.
Term
If you were asked how technology helps you make decisions in your everyday life, a correct response could be:
 Definition
The other day, I wanted to go for a long bike ride but I decided not to because the weather forecast called for thunderstorms.
Term
If a manufacturer tries to discredit a competitor's product, this is called:
 Definition
Product disparagement.
Term
The government had to set policies requiring scientific research for product claims:
 Definition
To protect the people from false claims.
Term
Which statement best describes the relationship between science and technology?
 Definition
Advances in science can lead to new technology.
Term
Some companies run into trouble when they make product claims that:
 Definition
Don't have enough scientific evidence to back up.
Term
If you were asked how to evaluate scientific evidence, what would you would want to include in your answer?
 Definition
That scientific evidence should be reproducible.
Term
Which statement best illustrates how science helps individuals make every day decisions.
 Definition
Individuals watch the weather to help decide what to wear to school that day.
Term
If you were the owner of a company that produced cleaning products which claimed they could remove oil stains, and the government asked you to provide evidence that this was true, which would be the best evidence to provide?
 Definition
Multiple scientific research studies that were peer reviewed and show that the product can remove oil.
Term
If you were asked to give an example of how science has improved your life, a correct response could be:
 Definition
Science has given doctors medicines that have allowed me to recover from illness.
Term
If you were asked for an example of how science helps government set policies and procedures, a correct response could be:
 Definition
At times, governments rely on scientists to make predictions that can help them decide how to react in times of emergencies.
Term
As a consumer, you constantly have to be careful that you do not buy useless products. The government addresses complaints but some products still participate in false advertising. One easy way to evaluate a product claim is to determine whether:
 Definition
The claim the manufacturer is making is backed up by relevant scientific evidence.
Term
When evaluating a product claim, it is important to determine whether:
 Definition
The research that supports the claim is without bias.
Term
In order for the government to allow a product to make a certain claim:
 Definition
The manufacturer must produce adequate scientific evidence to support that the claim is true.
Term
A manufacturer ran advertisements claiming that the competition's product did not work. They ended up getting in trouble with the government because:
 Definition
They participated in product disparagement.
Term
If you were a scientist, which of the following might you study?
 Definition
Society
Term
If a manufacturer has one research study done by some school group showing the product claim is true, this would be considered:
 Definition
Flawed or insignificant research to support the claim.
Term
Which statement is true?
 Definition
Scientific bias can lead to problems with ethics.
Term
Which of the following statements is true for all scientists?
 Definition
All scientists are curious and seek answers to questions.
Term
When a researcher discovered that his data did not support his hypothesis, he decided to alter the data and release the results of the experiment. This most likely represents
 Definition
Pseudoscience because he used false data.
Term
If a scientist has a specific reason or motive for an experiment to turn out a certain way, which of the following is true?
 Definition
We should not trust the experiment because there might be bias.
Term
Which statement describes the value of having a scientist that did not do the experiment review the experiment?
 Definition
Scientists depend on their peers to make sure that they did not make any errors, have any bias, or misinterpret the results of the experiment.
Term
A product claims to cause you to lose 10 pounds in one week if taken as directed. The directed dose is 8 pills a day. When the government investigated this product claim, the company gave them several scientific research studies that had been published in science journals that showed that subjects that took 16 pills a day lost weight the first week of using the product. Which statement best explains whether or not this evidence is adequate to support the claim?
 Definition
No, the evidence is not relevant evidence because the subjects took a higher dose than the recommended dose. It cannot be used to support the claim.
Term
A product claims to cause your hair to grow 10 inches in a month if you shampoo with it every day. When asked to produce evidence to support this claim, the company produced statements from 200 individuals with pictures and measurements that showed hair growth. Which statement best describes whether or not this evidence is enough to support the product claim?
 Definition
No, the evidence needs to be from scientific studies, not letters.
Term
If we wanted to know the average of a set of data, what would we determine?
 Definition
mean
Term
Which statement best describes ethics?
 Definition
Personal and scientific ethics help scientists decide what is right and wrong.
Term
Select the scenario that best illustrates a situation where science and technology allowed government to take action which benefited individuals.
 Definition
After Hurricane Katrina hit the New Orleans area, all communication with the city was cut off. Scientists used aerial imaging to identify the areas that were the worst hit. This allowed the government to send emergency medical and rescue personnel where it was needed the most.
Term
Which situation describes a scientist acting in an ethical way?
 Definition
A scientist decides not to pursue a research project even though he'd make a lot of money because he feels the research is focused on something that might harm the public.
Term
Which statement best describes the benefits of scientific discoveries?
 Definition
The development of new technology.
Term
Which statement best describes why scientific evidence supports scientific laws?
 Definition
Scientific evidence supporting scientific laws is always the same and observable by many.
Term
Which question could be answered through the scientific method?
 Definition
How many calories are in this cookie?
Term
Which process is most useful when trying to make sure the results of scientific experiments are reliable?
 Definition
peer review
Term
If you were asked to describe the relationship between science and technology, a correct response could be:
 Definition
Science can lead to important technological developments, and technology can lead to important scientific discoveries.
Term
Which scenario best represents pseudoscience?
 Definition
Scientists studying the moon find that the strange glow is the result of a evil spirit.
Term
Which of these kinds of questions can be answered using science?
 Definition
The natural world.
Term
Select the scenario that best illustrates a situation where scientists were able to give the government information that affected how they reacted to an event.
 Definition
When Hurricane Katrina formed in the Gulf of Mexico, scientists predicted that it would be a strong storm that could cause the levee system to fail. In response to this information, city government officials issued mandatory evacuation orders to the residents in danger.
Term
A researcher wants to answer a question based on an observation about the natural world. However, the question cannot be tested by a traditional science experiment. What should the researcher do to answer the question scientifically?
 Definition
The researcher should use scientific research to answer the question.
Term
Which statement best describes how peer review can prevent errors?
 Definition
Peer review is a way to check scientific work to be sure that their results and claims are correct and without bias.
Term
When scientists have different points of view,
 Definition
they can work together to solve problems.
Term
When evaluating scientific evidence, it is most important to be sure:
 Definition
That there is no bias.
Term
Which statement is the best example of how ethical issues affect policy and scientific research?
 Definition
n England, because of public concerns, government officials have made it illegal to do research on human cloning.
Term
Which concern about genetic engineering would be the best example of an ethical issue?
 Definition
If genetic engineering was used to clone a human for organ transplantation, the clone would be killed for the transplant surgery.
Term
Which statement represents an ethical concern?
 Definition
Genetic engineering could be used to make super smart humans for rich people.
Term
Which of the following is true about different types of scientific observation and testing?
 Definition
Different types of scientific observation and testing often fit into more than one branch of science.
Term
If you were asked to give an example of how you benefit from science, a correct response would be:
 Definition
Science has given me technology which helps keep me safe.
Term
Sometimes, after further research, it is necessary to redesign and repeat your experiment. This shows
 Definition
sound scientific thinking and good use of the scientific method.
Term
If you were asked to explain why science is an important part of society, the best response would be:
 Definition
Science gives governments and individuals information that they can use to make decisions regarding their health, safety, and well being.
Term
The melting process changes a solid to a liquid. T/F
 Definition
True
Term
Neutrons are found __________ and have ___________ charge.
 Definition
in the nucleus; neutral
Term
Which of the following particles has a positive charge?
 Definition
proton
Term
Suppose you have a balloon with a volume of 0.1 m3 and a temperature of 300 Kelvin. You leave the balloon in a car with the windows rolled up and the temperature rises to 315 degrees Kelvin. What is the new volume of the balloon?
 Definition
0.105 m3
Term
Why is it impossible for a machine to give you more energy output than the amount of energy put into it?
 Definition
This would violate the law of conservation of energy
Term
In a coal-burning power plant, the motion of crushed coal is used to spin the blades of a turbine. T/F
 Definition
False
Term
Sublimation does not play a role in the water cycle. T/F
 Definition
False
Term
Where are electrons in an atom located?
 Definition
moving outside the nucleus
Term
When steam turns a turbine, what kind of energy is being manifest?
 Definition
mechanical
Term
What is the energy efficiency of a light bulb that gives you 30 units of usable energy for every 100 units of energy put in to it?
 Definition
0.3
Term
Imagine you have a pot of water boiling on the stove. The water is a _______ and the steam that rises from the pot is a ________.
 Definition
liquid, gas
Term
Boyle's Law relates which of the following gas properties?
 Definition
pressure and volume
Term
Which of the following best describes a solid?
 Definition
cannot change its shape to fit its container
Term
When you throw a ball, the motion of the ball is an example of:
 Definition
mechanical energy
Term
Which of the following best describes a gas?
 Definition
can expand to fill its container
Term
Which of the following statements is NOT true about matter?
 Definition
Most matter is made of a single type of atom.
Term
Which of the following states of matter would have the most unchanging shape?
 Definition
solid
Term
A liquid substance that is beginning to change to a gas has reached its
 Definition
boiling point
Term
In which state of matter are the particles the LEAST attracted to each other?
 Definition
gas
Term
When coal is placed into a burner, what type of energy is being supplied to the burner?
 Definition
chemical
Term
If cars were more fuel efficient, we would get more _________ from the same amount of fuel.
 Definition
useable energy
Term
According to Boyle's Law, what will happen to the volume of a gas if you decrease the pressure on the gas?
 Definition
increase
Term
In which state of matter do the particles move somewhat freely but still not enough to fill the entire space of a container?
 Definition
liquid
Term
The movement of electrons causes:
 Definition
electrical energy
Term
If something has the ability to do work, it has energy. T/F
 Definition
True
Term
A generator is a special device that converts chemical energy to mechanical energy. T/F
 Definition
False
Term
The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 mandates
 Definition
better fuel efficiency in cars
Term
The law of conservation of energy states that the total amount of energy in the universe is _______.
 Definition
constant
Term
What metric units are most commonly used to express mass?
 Definition
grams
Term
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic property of matter?
 Definition
size
Term
Which scientist first proposed the Law of Conservation of Mass?
 Definition
Lavoisier
Term
De Broglie hypothesized that all matter has some wave-like properties, even though it is made of particles.
 Definition
true
Term
Which particle orbits the nucleus of an atom?
 Definition
Electrons
Term
Which scientist proposed that an atom contained a positively charged nucleus surrounded by orbiting electrons?
 Definition
Rutherford
Term
Which scientist hypothesized that all matter is wave-like in nature although it is composed of particles?
 Definition
De Broglie
Term
Who first suggested that all matter is made of tiny particles called atoms?
 Definition
Democritus
Term
In J. J. Thomson's experiments with electricity, he showed that an electrical current can be
 Definition
made to bend if it is deflected by encountering a positive charge
Term
In the Bohr model of the atom, electrons exist in fixed orbits and they cannot move from one level to another.
 Definition
false
Term
Suppose you burn a substance in the air (reactants) and produce smoke and ash (products). The law of conservation of mass states that the mass of your reactants should be __________ the mass of your products.
 Definition
the same as
Term
Which scientist found that gas expands to fill the space of a container and is made of particles that can move?
 Definition
Boyle
Term
Which scientist laid the foundation for atomic theory?
 Definition
John Dalton
Term
The nucleus of an atom has a positive charge.
 Definition
true
Term
Why does electrical current always flow from areas of negative charge to areas of positive charge?
 Definition
the current is made up of electrons that carry negative charge and are pulled toward positive charge
Term
Which scientist proposed the idea that electrons could "jump" from a lower to a higher energy level orbit?
 Definition
Bohr
Term
The book by Boyle that encouraged scientists to use scientific experimentation instead of alchemy was called:
 Definition
The Sceptical Chymist
Term
People who believed that cheap metals could be turned into gold were called:
 Definition
Alchemists
Term
Which of the following best summarizes the law of conservation of mass?
 Definition
Matter can be changed but not created or destroyed.
Term
John Dalton and Antoine Lavoisier were alchemists who tried to convert diamonds to gold.
 Definition
false
Term
Each horizontal row on the Periodic Table is called a:
 Definition
Period
Term
If a neutral atom loses 2 electrons, what will happen to the atom's electrical charge?
 Definition
it will become positive
Term
There are about _________ different types of atoms and _______ naturally occur on Earth.
 Definition
117, 92
Term
The atomic weight of one atom of sodium is approximately _____ a.m.u.'s.
 Definition
23
Term
Groups on the periodic table are also called __________, and the far right group of the table is the ________.
 Definition
families; noble gases
Term
Which of the following elements holds its electrons with the most energy?
 Definition
boron (B)
Term
Which of the following elements has the symbol Hg on the periodic table?
 Definition
Mercury
Term
Carbon dioxide is a substance made up of atoms of carbon and oxygen in fixed ratios. Carbon dioxide is
 Definition
a compound
Term
What trend do you observe in electronegativity on the periodic table?
 Definition
increases from left to right
Term
Use the periodic table to determine the number of protons in an atom of arsenic (As).
 Definition
33
Term
A substance made of copper atoms and chlorine atoms combined together will have the same chemical properties as copper and chlorine individually.
 Definition
false
Term
The smallest unit of a compound is called a ___________.
 Definition
molecule
Term
A cation is an atom that has
 Definition
lost one or more electrons
Term
In a sample of pure carbon, some of the atoms have more neutrons than others. This shows that carbon exists in several different
 Definition
isotopes
Term
How many valence electrons are found in oxygen?
 Definition
6
Term
How many valence electrons does magnesium (Mg) have?
 Definition
2
Term
Chemical bonds contain energy that can be released when they are broken.
 Definition
true
Term
Which of the following is an example of a covalent compound?
 Definition
CH4
Term
Which compound will form by the joining of Li and Cl?
 Definition
LiCl
Term
An organic compound is one that contains the element carbon.
 Definition
true
Term
Which of the following elements would NOT form a diatomic molecule?
 Definition
Calcium
Term
________ bonds typically have lower boiling and melting points than ________ bonds.
 Definition
Covalent, ionic
Term
When an ionic bond forms, the atom with the lower ionization energy will be most likely to lose an electron.
 Definition
true
Term
Which of the following is NOT an example of an organic compound?
 Definition
Oxygen
Term
Noble gases all have _____ electrons in their valence shells.
 Definition
8
Term
When an element loses electrons, it become a(n):
 Definition
Cation
Term
We can use the periodic table to determine which atoms are most likely to lose or gain electrons during the formation of an ionic bond.
 Definition
true
Term
Which of the following two elements will likely form an ionic bond?
 Definition
Na and Cl
Term
________ compounds can conduct electricity in water while ________ compounds cannot.
 Definition
ionic, covalent
Term
Consider the compound CaCl2. What type of compound does it represent?
 Definition
ionic
Term
Non-metals are very likely to form ionic bonds with other non-metals.
 Definition
false
Term
Which of the following is a diatomic molecule?
 Definition
N2
Term
Which of the following best characterizes a covalent bond?
 Definition
occurs when atoms have similar tendencies to attract electrons and share electrons between them
Term
Diatomic nitrogen (N2) makes up ____________ of the air we breathe.
 Definition
78%
Term
When an atom gains electrons, it becomes a(n):
 Definition
Anion
Term
Metals are highly likely to form ionic bonds with non-metals.
 Definition
true
Term
Some types of bases are used to make soap.
 Definition
true
Term
Vinegar is an example of a(n):
 Definition
Acid
Term
Bases feel slippery because they remove fats and oils from the surface of our skin.
 Definition
true
Term
A base is a substance that accepts protons.
 Definition
true
Term
On the pH scale, pure water has a pH of
 Definition
7
Term
On the pH scale, which value represents an acid?
 Definition
2
Term
Household bleach is an example of a(n):
 Definition
Base
Term
Which type of substance can conduct electricity?
 Definition
Both acids and bases
Term
Acid solutions can conduct electricity, but basic solutions cannot.
 Definition
false
Term
Which of the following substances is closest to neutral on the pH scale?
 Definition
Blood
Term
Bases can be used for cleaning supplies because they help dissolve grease.
 Definition
true
Term
____________ is the process of separating a mixture of a liquid and a solid by straining it through a porous material.
 Definition
Filtration
Term
In a heterogeneous mixture, the ingredient substances are
 Definition
sparse in some areas and concentrated in other areas
Term
Which of the following is an example of a heterogeneous mixture?
 Definition
sand in a bottle of water
Term
Which of the following is an example of a homogeneous mixture?
 Definition
saltwater
Term
How does cutting a substance make it dissolve faster?
 Definition
increases the surface area
Term
In a ________________ mixture, all of the substances are evenly distributed. In a _____________ mixture, the substances are not equally distributed.
 Definition
Homogenous, heterogenous
Term
In a glass of water with sugar dissolved in it, the sugar is the solvent.
 Definition
false
Term
Which of the following is the best definition of a mixture?
 Definition
combination of two or more substances
Term
In a mixture, the ingredients intermingle and
 Definition
do not react with other or chemically bond to each other
Term
What process is used to collect different types of fuel from crude oil?
 Definition
Distillation
Term
If a solution contains 0.5 grams of NaCl and 100 grams of water, NaCl is the solute and water is the solvent.
 Definition
true
Term
In a solution, the solvent is present in the larger amount.
 Definition
true
Term
Stirring a solution
 Definition
increases the rate at which solute and solvent particles contact each other
Term
A mixture is different from a compound because in mixtures the substances are
 Definition
not chemically bonded
Term
Because water is a polar molecule, it has a slightly positive side and a slightly negative side.
 Definition
true
Term
Water is the universal solvent because its polar nature allows it to attract both positive and negative ions at different points.
 Definition
true
Term
Which statement best describes a theory?
 Definition
A theory attempts to explain observations from the natural world.
Term
Which statement best describes how science supports society?
 Definition
Scientific discoveries often solve societal problems.
Term
What is the density of a rock with a mass of 10 grams and a volume of 5 ml?
 Definition
2 g/ml
Term
Which of the following best describes a liquid?
 Definition
takes the shape of its container
Term
Which of the following is an example of chemical energy?
 Definition
the energy stored in wood
Term
Before scientists come up with a scientific question, what do they have to do first?
 Definition
Make an observation
Term
Which question could be answered through scientific means?
 Definition
Why is the sky blue?
Term
Which of the following would be the best conductor of heat?
 Definition
a metal bar
Term
A sample of matter is placed into glass jar. The matter takes the shape of the jar but does not fill the jar. The sample is in what state of matter?
 Definition
liquid
Term
Which of the following states of matter has mass?
 Definition
both gas and plasma
Term
Suppose you have a gas under 2 atm of pressure and taking up 0.5 m3 of volume. If you compress the gas so that it takes up 0.1 m3 of volume, what is the new pressure of the gas?
 Definition
10 atm
Term
In which state of matter do the particles move the MOST freely?
 Definition
gas
Term
Which of the following best describes plasma?
 Definition
the most abundant state of matter in the universe
Term
What is the efficiency of a car if you put in 50 units of energy and it gives you 15 units of energy out?
 Definition
0.3
Term
Nuclear energy is:
 Definition
the energy stored in the nucleus of an atom
Term
A company is about to run a controversial add campaign.The best advice their lawyer can give them is to:
 Definition
Have an adequate amount of scientific research ready that is relevant and supports their product claim.
Term
What is chemical energy?
 Definition
the energy that does work through chemical reactions
Term
Which of these can a scientific law do?
 Definition
Describe events, but not explain why they occur.
Term
Why do cars need a cooling system in conjunction with the engine?
 Definition
the transformation of energy in the engine produces a lot of waste heat
Term
A characteristic property is a property of matter that
 Definition
does not change
Term
Which of the following is the best definition of conductivity?
 Definition
ability of matter to transfer energy
Term
Which of the following particles has a negative charge?
 Definition
electron
Term
Heat energy is:
 Definition
the motion of the atoms that make up matter
Term
Which type of energy is visible with the human eye?
 Definition
light
Term
If we have a set of data, and one number is much higher than all the other numbers, which measurement would give us the least amount of information about the overall information gained from the data?
 Definition
the mean because the average would be thrown off by the extremely high number.
Term
Where would be the best place to find reliable scientific data about a product?
 Definition
A peer reviewed scientific journal.
Term
Which of the following is the best definition of matter?
 Definition
anything that has mass and takes up space
Term
Which of the following particles is found outside the nucleus of an atom?
 Definition
electron
Term
The noble gases are an example of a ______ of elements.
 Definition
family
Term
Which of the following is the current, accepted model of the atom?
 Definition
wave mechanical model
Term
Each increment from 0 to 14 on the pH scale represents a _________ decrease in acidity.
 Definition
ten-fold
Term
Cesium (Cs) and chlorine (Cl) would likely form an ionic compound.T/F
 Definition
true
Term
Bases increase the concentration of ____________ in a solution.
 Definition
hydroxide
Term
Acids increase the concentration of ___________ in a solution.
 Definition
hydronium
Term
If potassium (K) and chlorine (Cl) form an ionic bond, K will become a cation and Cl will become an anion. T/F
 Definition
true
Term
What pH value should pure water have?
 Definition
7
Term
When an atom forms a molecule with another atom of itself, the result is
 Definition
a diatomic molecule
Term
Which element has 2 more protons than iron (Fe)?
 Definition
nickel (Ni)
Term
Which statement is true about acids and bases?
 Definition
both conduct electricity
Term
In a neutral atom, the number of protons is ______ the number of electrons.
 Definition
equal to
Term
The pH scale expresses the
 Definition
concentration of hydrogen ion
Term
In a solution, the solvent is the substance that dissolves another substance. T/F
 Definition
true
Term
How many electrons are in one neutral atom of Barium (Ba)?
 Definition
56
Term
How many valence electrons are in a neutral atom of Magnesium (Mg)?
 Definition
2
Term
After the discovery of the electron, scientists knew that atoms must also have positively-charged particles because
 Definition
atoms have a neutral charge
Term
Which element is the most electronegative?
 Definition
bromine (Br)
Term
Antacids are special types of acids that can be used to relieve stomach pain. T/F
 Definition
False
Term
Which subatomic particle has the LEAST mass?
 Definition
electron
Term
What did the scientist de Broglie hypothesize about the behavior of atoms?
 Definition
that all matter can behave with some wave-like tendencies
Term
A soda drink is bubbly because of the addition of carbonic acid. T/F
 Definition
true
Term
When acids and bases in solution balance each other out, the solution is said to be
 Definition
a neutral solution
Term
Which of the following values displays the pH of an acid?
 Definition
3
Term
In a solution, the solvent is the substance in greater supply. T/F
 Definition
true
Term
Which of the following is the best definition of a solution?
 Definition
a type of homogeneous mixture where one substance dissolves in another
Term
Which of the following values displays the pH of a base?
 Definition
9
Term
Which of the following best describes an atom?
 Definition
a type of particle that makes up all matter and that can combine with other particle
Term
Elements in the last group on the periodic table readily form both ionic and covalent compounds. T/F
 Definition
false
Term
When acids contact metal, they are ______.
 Definition
corrosive
Term
A diatomic molecule of nitrogen (N) would be held by covalent bonds. T/F
 Definition
true
Term
Compounds retain most of the properties of their constituent elements. T/F
 Definition
false
Term
Ionic compounds generally have lower boiling and melting points than covalent compounds. T/F
 Definition
false
Term
The normal force is the force that a surface exerts when you move an object onto it. T/F
 Definition
false
Term
Which of the following will cause acceleration?
 Definition
the presence of unbalanced forces acting on an object
Term
A hockey player slides a puck over the surface of the ice. The ice exerts a __________ force on the puck.
 Definition
frictional
Term
Tension force is an example of a contact force. T/F
 Definition
True
Term
Which of the following is the best definition of force?
 Definition
any push or pull that is exerted on an object
Term
Which of the following best describes normal force?
 Definition
the support force exerted on an object which is in contact with another stable object
Term
If you kick a ball and the ball does not move, then the forces involved must be_________________.
 Definition
balanced
Term
As the mass of an object increases, so does its gravitational force. T/F
 Definition
true
Term
A contact force exists between two interacting objects that physically contact each other. A non-contact force exists when two interacting objects are not in physical contact but can still influence each other. T/F
 Definition
true
Term
Applied force is the force of support exerted by an object that holds up another object. T/F
 Definition
false
Term
A force vector describes what two things about a force?
 Definition
magnitude and direction
Term
Based on Newton's first law of motion, which of the following is true?
 Definition
objects at rest stay at rest until acted upon by a force
Term
Newton's second law of motion states that an object with a heavier mass will have more acceleration than an object with a smaller mass if both objects are moving at the same speed. T/F
 Definition
false
Term
Newton's first law of motion states that an object in motion will continue in a straight line until compelled to do otherwise by a force. T/F
 Definition
true
Term
What units are used to express force?
 Definition
newtons
Term
Newton's second law of motion states that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to its mass. T/F
 Definition
false (inversely)
Term
Which of the following is a measure of inertia?
 Definition
mass
Term
If an object experiences a leftward net force, then it will accelerate in which direction?
 Definition
leftward
Term
Imagine a 10 gram rock thrown at the same time as a 20 kilogram rock. Both travel in a straight line. How does inertia compare for the two rocks?
 Definition
the 20 gram rock has more inertia
Term
How do we express momentum mathematically?
 Definition
momentum = mass x velocity
Term
Which of the following is the best definition of inertia?
 Definition
resistance to changes in motion
Term
If a truck has a mass 10 times greater than a car, how fast will the car have to move to have the same momentum as the truck when it moves?
 Definition
10 times faster
Term
Which force slows down an ice skater moving over the surface of an ice rink?
 Definition
friction
Term
According to Newton's second law of motion, an object accelerates in the same direction as the force applied to it. T/F
 Definition
true
Term
For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. This is Newton's third law of motion. T/F
 Definition
true
Term
How does increasing temperature affect the viscosity of most liquids?
 Definition
decreases it
Term
Honey is not a fluid since it is so thick that it has a hard time flowing. T/F
 Definition
false
Term
Air and water are both examples of a fluid. T/F
 Definition
true
Term
A fluid must be liquid and not any other state of matter. T/F
 Definition
false
Term
A fluid is any substance that can flow and takes the shape of its container. T/F
 Definition
true
Term
If an object is less dense than a fluid it is placed in, the object will
 Definition
float
Term
Corn syrup flows slower and thicker than cooking oil. Which statement is true?
 Definition
corn syrup is more viscous than cooking oil
Term
Which units express density?
 Definition
g/mL
Term
Bernoulli's principle explains why birds can fly because it demonstrates how the pressure under a wing is greater than the pressure above a wing. T/F
 Definition
true
Term
Which of the following is the best definition of viscosity?
 Definition
the thickness of a fluid, or its resistance to flow
Term
Buoyancy describes
 Definition
the tendency of an object to sink or float
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