Term
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Definition
-0 degrees goes to max value of 90 degrees
-North to South |
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Term
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Definition
-0 degrees to 180 degrees
-West to East |
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Term
| Composition of the Earths Atmosphere |
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Definition
-2 main gases:
1. Oxygen- 21% (highly reactive)
2. Nitrogen- 78% (Non reactive)
3. Trace gases(green house gases- argon, carbon dioxide, water vapor)- 1% |
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Term
Structure of Earths Atmosphere-
Stratosphere |
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Definition
1. Jet stream found here
2. Ozone layer here
3. few clouds
4. Little dust and water vapor
5. 30 miles above earths surface
6. persistent winds that blow from east to west |
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Term
Structure of the earths atmosphere-
Tropopause |
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Definition
1. the lid separating the troposphere and stratosphere
2. 3,000 feet thick |
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Term
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Definition
1. all human activity here
2. all weather occurs here
3. most water vapor is here
4. most dust is here
5. thickest at the equator and tropical regions. Stretches from sea level to 10 miles.
6. Thins towards the poles. 4 miles thick |
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Term
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Definition
1. powers the earths atmosphere: uneven heating of the earth from the sun. (polar areas vs. equatorial areas)
2. Earth is always trying to equalize.
3. Insolation: dependent on angle of suns rays and length of day. |
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Term
| Average earth temperature |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1.Sulfur and nitrogen oxide mix with water and form sulfuric acid/ nitric acid.
2. Normal rain water is 5.6 slightly acidic.
3. Acid rain 3.6 ph 30 to 100 times more acidic than normal
4. Destroys lakes, fish, forests, and marble/bronze statues.
5. max range=1000 miles
6. effects the east coast (coal) |
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Term
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Definition
1. 0 degree to 10 degree North/south
2. Air rising, cooling, clouds form, rain falls.
3. Location: equator
4. Rainforest here |
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Term
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Definition
1. Air sinking, no clouds
2. Deserts are here
3. Located at 2 tropics: cancer and Capricorn |
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Term
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Definition
1. Air is rising, cooling, clouds form, rain falls.
2. Location: over 2 circles: arctic and Antarctic |
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Term
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Definition
1. cold air is heavy, dense, sinks creates polar highs
2. cold dry air
3. Location 2 poles: north and south |
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Term
Northern Hemisphere winter exceptions
Highs and lows |
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Definition
1. Siberian High (instead of subpolar low)
2. Canadian high(instead of subpolar low)very cold air sink creates high pressure
3. Icelandic low- subpolar low pocket in north Atlantic ocean
4.Aleutian Low- subpolar low pocket in the gulf of Alaska (why we get winter storms) |
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Term
Northern Hemisphere Summer Exceptions
Highs and Lows |
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Definition
1. Aleutian Low- smaller
2. Icelandic Low- smaller
3. Hawaiian High- Subtropical High (why it gets warm in summer) Aleutian and Hawaiian battle for California but in summer Aleutian gets smaller
4. Bermuda High- subtropical high in Atlantic Ocean. |
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Term
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Definition
1. First identified by French scientist Coriolis in 1835.
2. An object in the Northern Hemisphere moves as if a force were pulling it to the right, in the southern hemisphere to the left.
3. It occurs whether the object is moving towards the North, South, East, or West.
4. Deflection caused by earth rotation
5. Strongest at the poles, weakest at the equator |
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Term
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Definition
1. Occurs at night after a storm, in a valley. Needs stagnant air and clear night.
2. Earths heat radiates to space chilling air. As temperature drops, relative humidity rises, reaches saturation point and fog forms.
3. 100 feet to 300 feet thick.
4. evaporates in the morning
5. not thick or long lasting
6. exception tule fog in central valley of California |
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Term
| Advection fog (horizontal) |
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Definition
Warm moist air flows over cold surface. Air chills, relative humidity rises, reaches saturation point. Any further cooling and water vapor turns to water droplets creates fog.
Example marine fog |
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Term
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Definition
1. 15-25 degrees North/South
2. Tropical deserts
3. little rain, very hot summers
4. cool winters= near freezing
5. subtropical high dominates weather
6. parts of the Atacama, namib, sahara
7. cash crop- dates in sahara
trade for staple crop |
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Term
| Marine West Coast "C" Climate |
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Definition
1. 35-60 degree North/South
2. rainy all year = 120 inches in some areas
3. Northern CA, Coastal Oregon, Washington, British Columbia, South Alaska
4. Forests |
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Term
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Definition
1. marine inversion- winds from the south and southwest move marine air over the LA basin further landward movement blocked by mountains. Since there is a warm layer above cool marine layer pollutants accumulate in the cool air and produce smog. The air above is clear.
2. Air temperature increases with altitude |
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Term
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Definition
1.proportion or ratio of water vapor present in the air relative to the maximum amount possible at a given temp.
2. Inverse ration- if cold then damp if hot then dry
3. hygrometer- instrument that measures relative humidity |
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Term
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Definition
1.mass or amount of water vapor present in the air.
2. depends on latitude
3. bell curve |
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Term
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Definition
1. 1,000 to 60,000 feet
2. vertical raining cloud
3. heavy rain 1 to 2 inches per hour
4. hail
5. lightening- 45,000 degrees, 1 inch round,3.5 mile long, static electricity
thunder- sonic boom
6. tornado |
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Term
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Definition
1. push wave
2. jolt up and down
3. primary |
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Term
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Definition
1. shear
2. rolling wave
3. secondary
4. kills most people |
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Term
Three types of rocks:
"Igneous" |
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Definition
1. molten at one time
2. volcanic- at surface moves fast
3. granitic- interior moves slow |
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Term
Three types of rocks:
"sedimentary" |
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Definition
1. form in layers, strata horizontal beds
2. clastic- broken: sandstone, mudstone, claystone, shale fossils, caves-stalagtites/stalagmites, mono lake tufa.
3. evaporate/ precipitate: form with water
4. organic sedimentary rocks: living organisms= plants, coal |
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Term
Three types of rocks:
"metamorphic" |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. Pacific Plate
2. Eurasian Plate
3. African Plate
4. North American Plate
5. South American Plate
6. Indian Plate
7. Australian Plate
8. Antarctic Plate |
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Term
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Definition
1. depositional landform made by a braided stream.
2. Southwest USA
3. dry environment
4. made by debris called alluvium (sand, gravel, rock)
5. when two or more merge together its called a bajada |
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Term
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Definition
1. sunken glacial valleys 50 to 70 degrees North/ South
2. highly irregular coastline
3. many small islands off shore
4. submergence of land
5. same as ria with exception of sunken glacial valley |
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Term
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Definition
1. 25 degrees south to 30 degrees north
2. warm, tropical clear water no sediment
3. coral polyps colonize flanks of islands
4. water temp 68-85 degrees
5. made of calcium carbonate- secretions of coral polyps
6. 3 stages of growth: fringing reef, barrier reef, atoll |
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Term
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Definition
| granular snow, especially on the upper part of a glacier, where it has not yet been compressed into ice. |
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Term
| Prime Meridian of Greenwich |
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Definition
0 degree
Significance: separates the eastern and western hemisphere |
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Term
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Definition
66.5 degrees north
Significance: separates the Taiga from the Tundra |
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Term
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Definition
23.5 North
Significance: Northern Desert Belt |
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Term
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Definition
0 degrees
Significance: Separates the Northern and Southern Hemisphere |
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Term
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Definition
23.5 South
Significance: southern desert belt |
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Term
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Definition
66.5 south
world's storm belt |
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Term
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Definition
1. Glacial debris mound
2. 2 types: Terminal ( the end), lateral ( the sides) |
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Term
| Parts of an alpine glacier |
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Definition
1. zone of accumulation
2. zone of ablation: evaporation liquid - gas sublimation soild- gas most sublimate
3. Zone of deposition: moraines |
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Term
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Definition
1. began 2.5 mya
2. 20 ice sheet advances/retreats: each advance lasting 80,000 yrs/ each retreat lasting 20,000 yrs
3. last ice sheet really large. maximum extent 15,000 years |
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Term
| Ice age theory: Break up Pangaea |
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Definition
| blocks warm / cold ocean currents from mixing |
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Term
| Ice age theories: Volcanism |
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Definition
| 100,000 year cycle ash blocks sunlight |
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Term
| Ice Age Theory: Sun's luminosity |
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Definition
sunspots= more- more heat
less- less heat
1650-1850 mini ice age |
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Term
| Ice Age Theory: Receding ocean |
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Definition
more land exposed: earth cooler
more ocean: earth warmer |
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Term
| Ice age theory: astronomical hypothesis |
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Definition
1. Milutin Milankovtich- Serbian scientist
2. orbital eccentricity- 93,000 year cycle- 5 % further from the sun less heat
3. axial tilt varies- 22 degrees- cooler/ 24 degrees warmer (26,000 year cycle) |
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Term
| four surface winds: Trade winds "easterly trades" |
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Definition
5-25 degrees north/ south
15-30 mph |
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Term
| four surface winds: horse latitude |
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Definition
25-35 degrees north/south
weak 3-8 mph |
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Term
| 4 surface winds: westerlies |
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Definition
35-65 degrees north/ south
15-30 mph |
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Term
| 4 surface winds: polar easterlies |
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Definition
65-75 degrees north/south
strong winds |
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Term
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Definition
0-5 degrees north south
no wind |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. All earth
2. 3 proofs: jigsaw puzzle, rocks match across continents, and fossils match |
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Term
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Definition
1. Kurile
2. Cascades
3. Alps
4. Andes |
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Term
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Definition
| collapsed volcanic summit |
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Term
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Definition
1. stratovolcano
2. tall, steep sided
3. explosive
4. 3 parts: crater, pipe, magma chamber
5. "ring of fire" around pacific ocean- zones of subduction
6. andesitic lava- 1600 degrees not very fluid, sticky, slow moving, gaseous.
7. mt. st. Helens, mt Shasta, Fujiyama,
8. caldera- crater lake or.
9. parasitic cone- build up of gas bulging out mtn. something wrong with plumbing in volcano |
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Term
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Definition
1. tall, gentle slopes
2. erupts from fissures on the volcano
3. hot liquid magma lava- 2200 degrees
4. Kilauea, Hawaii
5. hot spot= mantle plume forming new islands |
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Term
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Definition
1. small baby volcano
2. usually erupts once- cinder and ash
3. 20% have lava eruptions
4. Wizard island in Crater Lake, OR
Cinder Hill in CA |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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