AC- air conduction, normal pathway, most effecient

BC- bone conduction, cranial nerve VIII

mechanical dysfunction of ear

if sound increased, it can reach inner ear=partial loss

(compacted serum, foreign bodies, perforation, pus/serum, otosclerosis)

pathology of inner ear, cranial nerve VIII, or auditory area of cerebral cortex

caused by:presbycusis-gradual nerve degeneration (aging), ototoxic drugs-affect hair cells in cochlea

congenital small painless nodule

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commonly behind lobe,

nodule with center black punctum

blocked sebaceous gland

painful if infected

small

whitish-yellow

hard, non tender

in or near helix/antihelix

greasy chalky material

sign of gout

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painful nodules on rim of helix

mechnical pressure, environmental trauma

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ulcerated nodule with inderated base

doesn't heal

bleeds intermittently

sun exposure

referral for biopsy

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single, hard nodule

obscures drum, attatched to bony part

nontender

refer for removal

more common than osteoma

small, hard hypertrophic bone covered with skin

usuall dont obstruct drum

multiple, bilat

no treatment required but can collect wax= obstruct

very painful reddened hair folicle

usually on tragus

cause lymphadenopathy

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granulomatous or mucosal tissue

red, bleeds easily

foul purulent d/c

indicates chronic ear disease

refer for excision

usually kids-toy

adults-cotton from q-tips

effusion

also called: serous otitis media, glue ear

amber-yellow drum:serum in middle ear

air-fluid level with fine black line or bubbles

sx: fullness, transient hearing loss, popping with swallowing

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middle ear fluid infected

starts with no light reflex>redness & bulging of superior drum>earache,fever>fiery red bulging of entire drum,deep throbbing pain with hearing loss

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drum ruptures from infection or trauma

round oval dark area

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dense white patches on drum

repeat infection

may affect hearing

colony white or black dots on drum or wall

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otitis externa

also called swimmers ear

severe pain, redness, swelling, scaling, itching,fever, enlarged lymph nodes

water in canal> skinfold infection

use rubbing alcohol or 2% acetic eardrops to prevent