Term
|
Definition
-a class of individuals having some common characteristics or qualities; distinct sort or kind.
-the largest natural population of organisms that can potentially interbreed to produce fertile offspring. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any species of the primate tribe Hominini (Humans and Apes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| referring to walking and running on two feet. ( Humans are the only fully bipedal primates today.) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process by which populations of organisms respond to long term environmental stresses by permanent genetic change--i.e., by evolving. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the quality in a person or society that arises from a concern for what is regarded as excellent in arts, letters, manners, scholarly pursuits, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the pattern of human evolution in which the effects of natural selection are altered by cultural inventions. |
|
|
Term
| Subfields of Anthropology |
|
Definition
-Cultural
-Physical
-Archaeological
-Linguistic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a branch of anthropology dealing with the scientific description of individual cultures. |
|
|
Term
| Areas of Physical Anthropology |
|
Definition
-paleoanthropology
-anthropometry
-molecular anthropology
-osteology
-forensic anthropology
-primatology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the application of the method and theory of anthropology to the analysis and solution of practical problems. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Characterizations
2. Hypothesis
3. Predictions from hypothesis
4. Experiments
5. Evaluation and Improvement
6. Conclusions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a proposition, or set of propositions, set forth as an explanation for the occurrence of some specified group of phenomena |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an evolutionary mechanism that occurs when some individuals of a population are better able to adapt to their environment and, subsequently, produce more offspring. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a Swedish botanist, physician, and zoologist, who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of binomial nomenclature. He is known as the father of modern taxonomy, and is also considered one of the fathers of modern ecology. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the academic discipline of defining groups of biological organisms on the basis of shared characteristics and giving names to those groups. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Early proponent of the idea that evolution occurred and proceeded in accordance with natural laws.
1. the environment gives rise to changes in animals
2. life is structured in an orderly manner and that many different parts of all bodies make it possible for the organic movements of animals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
French Naturalist and Zoologist
-established extinction as a fact |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-English scholar, influential in political economy and demography
-theories about population and its increase or decrease in response to various factors.
-Malthusianism became an intellectual stepping-stone to the idea of natural selection. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Wrote Principals of Geology.
-popularized uniformitarianism – the idea that the earth was shaped by the same processes still in operation today |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
British fossil collector, dealer, and paleontologist
-known for a number of important finds she made in the Jurassic marine fossil beds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
English naturalist.[I] He established that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestors,[1] and proposed the scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection, in which the struggle for existence has a similar effect to the artificial selection involved in selective breeding.
-Voyage of the Beagle around South America |
|
|
Term
| Darwin's Natural Selection influenced by Selective Breeding |
|
Definition
| Farmers and Malthusian Nature: selecting from chance variants so that "every part of newly acquired structure is fully practical and perfected" |
|
|
Term
| 5 Steps of Natural Selection |
|
Definition
-Improvement on personal survival. (Predation, habitat)
-Improvement on survival of young,
-Improvement on ability to secure nourishment/energy.
-Improvement on Co-operative strategies.
-Improvement in Intellect, cultural and tool-using. |
|
|
Term
| Intelligent Design and Creationism |
|
Definition
| the proposition that "certain features of the universe and of living things are best explained by an intelligent cause, not an undirected process such as natural selection." |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-in a multicellular organism, any cell other than a gamete, germ cell, gametocyte or undifferentiated stem cell
-a cell that fuses with another cell during fertilization (conception) in organisms that reproduce sexually. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Two long polymers of simple units called nucleotides, with backbones made of sugars and phosphate groups joined by ester bonds. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Each double strand of DNA splits into two single strands. --Each of these single strands acts as a template for a new strand of complementary DNA, based on the pairing of bases: TAGC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Constructed from one or more unbranched chains of amino acids
-Necessary for bodily functions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Molecules that catalyze chemical reactions in the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Transcription
-Transferral
-Translation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of creating a complementary RNA copy of a sequence of DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mRNA produced by transcription is decoded by the ribosome to produce a specific amino acid chain that will later create an active protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a molecular unit of heredity of a living organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a sequence of DNA that is transcribed into RNA and then translated into protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any nucleotide sequence within a gene that is removed by RNA during protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a gene involved in controlling the expression of one or more other genes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a DNA sequence found within genes that are involved in the regulation of patterns of anatomical development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
an organized structure of DNA and protein found in cells
-Eukaryotes
-Prokaryotes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one of two or more forms of a gene or a genetic locus (generally a group of genes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process by which a eukaryotic cell separates the chromosomes in its cell nucleus into two identical sets |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a type of cell division necessary for sexual reproduction in eukaryotes, producing gametes or spores |
|
|
Term
| Mendel's law of Segretation |
|
Definition
| The Law of Segregation: every individual possesses a pair of alleles for any particular trait and that each parent passes a randomly selected copy one of these to its offspring. The offspring then receives its own pair of alleles for that trait. Whichever of the two alleles in the offspring is dominant determines how the offspring expresses that trait |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Segregation
2. Inheritance, or Independent Assortment |
|
|
Term
| Mendel's law of Inheritance |
|
Definition
| separate genes for separate traits are passed independently of one another from parents to offspring. |
|
|
Term
Homozygous
vs.
Heterozygous |
|
Definition
-If both alleles are the same for the trait
-If both alleles are different for the trait |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Genetic makeup of a cell, usually in reference to a specific trait
-the composite of an organism's observable characteristics or traits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a ratio that shows the different outcomes you can get from a genetic cross |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Trait passed down on the sex chromosomes. Most found on X chromosome. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Influenced by one gene
-Expressions not usually influenced by environment
-Distribution of phenotypes into just a few discrete categories |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Influenced by more than one gene
-Expressions may be much influenced by environnment
-Distribution of phenotypes is continuous with no discrete categories |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Molecular
-Cellular
-Individual
-Population |
|
|
Term
| Modern Evolutionary Theory |
|
Definition
-The production and redistribution of variation (inherited differences between individuals).
-Natural selection acting on this variation (whereby inherited differences, or variation, among individuals differentially affect their ability to reproduce successfully). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the change in the inherited characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. |
|
|
Term
| Factors that Produce and Redistribute Variation |
|
Definition
1) Mutation - molecular alteration in genetic material.
2) Gene Flow – the exchange of genes between populations
3) Genetic Drift and Founder Effect – the random factor in evolution, a function of population size
4) Recombination – when members of chromosome pairs exchange segments |
|
|
Term
Macroevolution
vs.
Microevolution |
|
Definition
-refers to large-scale evolutionary forces:
-Fundamental perspectives concerning geological history
-principles of classification
-modes of evolutionary change
-the changes in allele frequencies that occur over time within a population, due to mutation, selection, gene flow, and genetic drift. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Structures that are shared by species on the basis of descent from a common ancestor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Similarities produced as separate evolutionary responses to roughly similar functional demands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process that leads to the development of analogies |
|
|
Term
| Causes of Population Isolation |
|
Definition
-Behavioral isolation: behavioral differences that interfere with mating
-Mate recognition: coloration patterns of faces or size, location coloration, or smell of female genital swelling varies in baboon populations |
|
|
Term
| Biological Species Concept |
|
Definition
| Species are groups of individuals capable of fertile interbreeding but reproductively isolated from other such groups |
|
|
Term
| Ecological Species Concept |
|
Definition
focuses on natural selection and the influences of varied habitats
A species is a group of organisms exploiting a single niche, or ecological niche: the physical and biological position of the organism in the ecosystem. |
|
|
Term
| Phylogenic Species Concept |
|
Definition
| when reproductive and ecological isolation can’t be defined (fossils) - splits many populations into separate species based on an identifiable parental pattern of ancestry. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| requires complete reproductive isolation within a population leading to geographic separation from ancestral population. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Only partial reproductive isolation is required in parapatric speciation
Separation occurs through reinforcement of mate recognition and selective breeding
Ranges of populations may be partially overlapping |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs completely within one population with no reproductive isolation. |
|
|
Term
Intraspecific Variation
vs.
Interspecific Variation |
|
Definition
-defines variation accounted for by individual, age, and sex differences seen within every biological species
-defines variation that represents differences between reproductively isolated groups. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A process that takes place when a life form rapidly takes advantage of the many newly available ecological niches. |
|
|
Term
| Adaptive radiation of mammals in the Cenozoic era |
|
Definition
-Mammals: larger brains- process information
-enlarged neocortex (higher brain functions)-greater ability to learn. |
|
|
Term
Generalized characteristics
vs.
Specialized characteristics |
|
Definition
-if adapted for many functions (limb with 5 digits)
-more advantageous for rapid diversification
-if limited to a narrow set of functions (foot to walk upright) |
|
|
Term
Phyletic Gradualism
vs.
Punctuated Equilibrium |
|
Definition
-change accumulates gradually in evolving lineages
-evolutionary change proceeds through long periods of stasis punctuated by rapid periods of change. |
|
|
Term
| 5 Generalized Characteristics of Primates |
|
Definition
-Fur (body hair)
-Long gestation followed by live birth
-Homeothermy, the ability to maintain a constant body temperature
-Increased brain size
-Capacity for learning and behavioral flexibility |
|
|
Term
| Primate Limbs and Locomotion |
|
Definition
1. A tendency towards erect posture.
2. Hands and feet possess grasping abilityprecision grip
3. A flexible, generalized limb structure
-Quadrupedal
-Braciation, is found among the apes.
-Prehensile tails, found only among the new world monkeys, are used as an aid to locomotion. |
|
|
Term
| Teeth and Diet of Primates |
|
Definition
-Generally omnivorous, reflected in their generalized dentition.
-Most have four types of teeth: incisors, canines, premolars and molars.
-Most eat a combination of fruits, leaves, and insects. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Color visions
-Stereoscopic vision/Binocular vision
-Reduced Olfaction, more reliance on sight
-Expansion and Increased Complexity of the Brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| More efficient fetal nourishment, longer gestation, reduced number of offspring, delayed maturation, longer life span |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| greater dependence on flexible, learned behavior (greater child dependency); social groups and permanent association of adult males |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Diurnal activities – active during the day (MOST primates) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Arboreal (trees) living was the most important factor in the evolution of primates.
-Prehensile limbs are adapted to climbing in the trees.
-A variety of foods led to the omnivorous diet and generalized dentition.
-Increased reliance on vision and grasping limbs very beneficial |
|
|
Term
| Visual Predation Hypothesis |
|
Definition
-Other tree dwellers not primate-like
-Visual predators (cats and owls) have forward facing eyes (depth perception!)
-Forward facing eyes enabled primates to judge distance when hunting in trees
-Depth perception important to hunters
-We were not only living in trees, but we were hunting in trees. |
|
|
Term
| Angiosperm Radiation Hypothesis |
|
Definition
-Basic primate traits developed with the appearance of flowering plants
-Provide nectar, seeds, fruits, etc.
-Primate characteristics may have developed as a response to a demand for fine visual and tactile discrimination- have to know where plants were and which plants to eat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-The most “primitive”, or closest to earlier mammalian ancestors
- Smaller brain to body size, greater reliance on olfaction, more nocturnal
-More reliance on olfaction as evidenced by moist, fleshy pad, or rhinarium. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increased behavioral complexity that Strepsirhini |
|
|
Term
| Plattyrhini (New World Monkeys) |
|
Definition
-Arboreal environments
-flat noses with outward facing nostrils
-size, diet and ecological adaptation vary
-some possess prehensile tails
-all diurnal (awake during the day), except owl monkey
-quadrupedal, except spider monkeys are semibrachiators
-most live in mixed-sex groups of all ages |
|
|
Term
| Catarrhini (Old World Monkeys) |
|
Definition
-habitat ranges from tropical jungle to semiarid desert to seasonally snow-covered areas
-Cercopithecidae
-most are quadrupedal and primarily arboreal
-ischial callosities, hardened skin on buttocks
-sexual dimorphism- difference in size between genders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Humans, Apes, Monkeys
-Larger brain and body size
-Reduced reliance on the sense of smell; increased reliance on vision
-Greater degree of color vision |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Apes and Humans:
-Larger body size
-Absence of a tail
-Lower back shorter and more stable
-Arms longer than legs
-Anatomical differences in shoulder joint
-More complex behavior
-More complex brain and cognitive capabilities
-Increased period of infant development and dependency |
|
|
Term
Cercopithecines
vs.
Colobines |
|
Definition
- More omnivorous with cheek pouches, arboreal, mostly found in Africa
- Mainly eat leaves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Found in the tropical areas of southeast Asia.
-Adaptations for brachiation may be related to feeding while hanging from branches.
-Diet is largely fruit with leaves, flowers, and insects.
-Basic social unit is a monogamous pair and their offspring.
-Males and females delineate their territories with whoops and “songs”. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Found in heavily forested areas of Borneo and Sumatra.
-Almost completely arboreal.
-males = 200 lbs, females = 100 lbs
-Pronounced sexual dimorphism.
-Solitary
-Principally frugivorous (feed-eating). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Largest of the living primates.
Confined to forested regions of central Africa.
-Sexual Dimorphism: Males can weigh up to 400 pounds, females 200 pounds.
-Primarily terrestrial, using a posture called “knuckle –walking”.
-Groups consist of one large silverback male, a few adult -females, and their subadult offspring.
-Completely vegetarian |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Found in equatorial Africa.
-Anatomically similar to gorillas particularly in limb proportions and upper-body shape.
-Locomotion includes knuckle-walking on the ground and brachiation in the trees.
-Eat a variety of plant and animal foods.
-Large communities of as many as 50 individuals.
-Actively hunt- fairly violent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Only found in an area south of the Zaire river.
-Population is believed to only number a few thousand individuals.
-Exploit the same foods as chimps, including occasional small mammals.
-Male-female bonds constitute the societal core.
-Sexuality includes frequent copulations throughout the female's estrous cycle.
-They have tons of sex. Like, non-discriminatory sex.
-One of only other animals to have sex for pleasure |
|
|
