wrote the new biology 1971

"The ability to modify and control human abilities and potentials by the manipulation of bodies, genes, and minds"

The control of Death and Life

The control of Human Potentiality

The control of Human Achievement

1930s were a time when doctors were to diagnose and explain

late 20th century treat and cure 

2000's it is not to keep the patient alive but to let the patient die with dignity

helping people to fight the brink of death

66% of medical dollars are spent on people in the last 31 days of their lives

Whole body dead

brain dead

upper brain dead

permanent vegitative state

Karen Quinlan

1976 

Put on life support and the doctors were buried with obligation to keep her alive

she "survived" 10 years

Terry Shiavo

1990

At 26 went into cardiac arrest due to eating disorder

"survived" on life support 15 years

legislation written on Euthanasia in 2003

paralyzed in car accident

misdiagnosed and told he was in persistent vegetative state eventually woke up

cells that can become anything

stem cells= fetal cells/tissue, cord cells

cells that can become multiple types of cells

marrow cells

Cells that have on function

body cells

she was born with anemia

her parents decided to have second child so as to use his cord blood and save their daughter

Parkinsons

Anemia

Being tested to make spinal cells for back injuries

In wealthy countries people are living relatively longer due to medical increases

The fastest growing age group is 85

Our infant mortality rate is relatively high

White women live to be the oldest on average

we will spend most of our time taking care of our children and then having to take care of our elders

(women don't stop taking care of others)

Implanting a blastocyst from a petrie dish into a carrier

first preformed in 1978

women under 35 should have no more than 2 embryos implanted

women over 35 no more than three

Nadya Shuman had octuplets=famous

1995- Born to five people (mom, dad, donor mom, donor dad, surrogate mother) ended up an orphan because of a divorce 

required court to develop new law stating that a couple who is in a contract must care for the child

found on Chromosome 21 

Typically mom donates 2 genes and dad donates 1

the chances of having a child goes up as the mothers age goes up:

20-1/1529

30-1/910

40-1/112

45-1/28

The spinal column doesn't properly develop

typically leads to short life and paralysis

1-2/10,000 babies

it is a developmental disease 

can be tested for through the chemicals produced in urine with amniocentesis

IT IS NOT GENETIC

8% of African decendants are carriers

Causes cells to be sickle shaped and therefore clog arteries when they have to be in single file in order to transfer O2

tested for by preimplantation

"a disease of the black race"

blood cells die quickly

without treatment it is lethal

Results from a single error (1 word) in the DNA code (sentence) of 150 (GAG become GTG)

1/4000 babies born with disease

1/25 people is a carrier

can be tested for using preimplantation testing

1/28 caucasian

mucus is essential-it is extremely thick and gooey in CF patients 

About the 16th or 17th week of pregnancy a test can be done on the amniotic fluid that tests for 40 metabolic and 100 genetic disorders

1955-test gender

1956-Blood type

A karyotype can also be seen (genes 1-23 mapped out)

can test for Spina bifida 

Can be done at 6-9 weeks

Tests for cystic fibrosis, tay sachs, sickle cell

can screen embryos for traits that they don't express but could potentially express

1/25 European Jews are carriers (85% of carriers)

1/60,000 nonJews/Middle eastern Jews are carriers

Causes blindness, paralysis, death

back of the retina- a big red spot

gradual and relentless death

Can be tested for

dominant gene- loss of motor function/muscle control- lose control of conscious speech "go insane"

alter the genetic makeup of a gene

use the restriction enzymes of a prokaryote to splice open and cut out pieces of viruses and then splice in human DNA

can be used to make vats of HGH, insulin, and others

using this method could potentially treat cystic fibrosis and Sickle Cell Anemia

single celled organism that doesn't have a nucleus that stores the DNA

has plasmids-circular DNA and a mass of DNA

creates restriction enzymes that cut viruses up (defense mechanism similar to immune system)

People wanna be younger, stronger, bigger, more beautiful, smarter

don't produce adequate amounts of HGH in the thyroid

harvested HGH from cadavers

now the can splice the gene out of human chromosome and add it to a virus plasmid to produce HGH

can lead to serious defects in people who don't have anything that needs to be fixed

relieved muscle cramps made them feel great- w/in a year of it's take off it became the #1 prescription drug in the world 

designed to get people out of hospital beds and on the streets living full live

1978-2.3 billion tests 

now-11 million perscriptions per year

has a fairly long half life

can have extreme withdrawl effects

-Patients diagnoses

The definition of depression is changing

27 million americans take antidepressants

164 million prescriptions were written in 2008

totally $10 billion in US Sales (2x=world)

80% of antidepressants are prescribed by non-psychiatrists and are based off 15 minutes of conversation

Medicine and food go where the money is not where the sick and hungry are

no way can we invest all the effort, resources, etc into everyone

we must figure out how to rationally distribute it

10-12 Step Hierarchy

-who gave back more than was spent on them (mother theresa)

-middle 5 levels were on average people that gave back as much as was given to them

-lower were those who gave back less than was spent on them

What about the person that gives back so much and receives nothing in return?

Anthropology's Original Sin

Membership in a race predispose a person to have certain qualities=racism

Race is an arbitrary category invented to fit a misunderstanding about how humans evolve

Like the weather-there are distinct changes between races and weather

Races like borders (or states) don't cause things

Racists describe but they explain nothing

Idea of race came from a boat

sailed around africa in 1497 and discovered race

get back on boat and go back to spain and tell them what they saw

it was an abrupt change in color

Carolus Linneaus

Systema Naturae 1738

came up with 4 different subspecies of Homo sapiens

americanus

asiaticus

afer

europaeus

Races are real races are rankable

labeled 5 skin colors

black

white 

red

yellow

brown

looked at architecture of the skull 

(less civilized cultures were a digression from perfection to the ape more civilized [white] were a progression from ape to perfection)

tested the size of the brain of different races

found that caucasian were the biggest but had to alter to get desired results

(the more measurements that were taken to prove whites the greatest the more scientists failed)

Professor of Anthropology at University of Columbia

Studied all anthropology

Languages can not be ranked 

people who couldn't understand others caused them to draw conclusions that they didn't have tenses or more complex ways of com

Boas students went out learned the language and found out that these colonies/societies had fluent languages some of which were more complex than others

When the body is stressed and goes into an extreme loss of O2(such as in cases with malaria) carriers will turn this gene on and it actually helps to protect the body

the amount of sickled cells is much less than someone with the disease

Transported by mosquitos-salavary glands or the female mosquito

can be treated if caught early

w/in 18 hrs they will have made dozens of copies of themselves and the hemoglobin is exhausted

Break the RBC's the toxins released by the waste to find new RBCS

Chills, fever, urine turns blackish

eventually the parasites invade the brain cause coma and death

AIDs victims die

This virus has a nucleus

Disease of childhood and malnutrition

if you are well nourished your body will fight it off and you won't know you had it

scarring of the lung tissue

20-30% of TB is drug resistant

Carriers of Tay Sachs are resistant to TB

Jewish pop with high rates of TS were in ghettos when TB ran rampant 

Lives in filthy water

transmitted through feces

fills your gut and causes massive diarrhea

Effects the gut-excrete all body wastes

die of dehydration in days

expel lining of stomach

IV fluids and electrolytes treat

During medieval times of Europe Cholera and Typhoid Fever swept through and took out the populating

Took 399 BLACK Sharecroppers

wanted to see how syphilis progressed

at the time there were effective treatments

these men denied treatments given free lunch instead

After 40 years 72 survived, 100 dead of complications, 40 wives infected. 19 children born with

a drug used for heart failure

2 old drugs became one drug w/a brand new patent

became a race specific drug (africans)

the link between high BP and race is not real the link is between people wh know how poor they are and BP-people who know they're poor are stressed

means colored body

physical structure on which the DNA is wound

can only be photographed when about to divide

each side is a chromatid

held together at the middle by centromere

25,000 divisions per second

a trillion cells in the body

x-ray defraction led to her discovery of the double helix

they looks like X's

Got ahold of Rosalind's x-rays announced the double helix in 1953

 won a Nobel Prize in 1962

a double helix

made of phosphate-deoxyribose sugar-base

bases are Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine

each base is correspondent with another

A-T

C-G

The bases are held together by hydrogen

Transcription: DNA is unzipped by an enzyme it then a strand of mRNA(Uracil replaces thymine) is created this leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm

Translation:there it meets up with a ribosome and the ribosome uses an AUG to start the process of protein building the process is stopped with the UGA code

3 bases form a word (amino acids) words join together to make sentences (polypeptide chains) 

these sentences form the gene 

they are edited exons form the protein introns are deleted

the genome dramatically responds to the environment

stress diet behavior toxins and other factors activate chemical switches that regulate gene expression

they can turn genes on and off without alteration

find the genes and turn them off

mothers who are starved during pregnancy shut down genes in her unborn daughter and this slows her metabolism

Meiosis

Sex cells

result in haploid cells

dads 46 chromosome cell(diploid) divides and become 4 sperm cells (gametes) carrying 23 chromosomes (haploid cells)

moms 46 chromosome cell divides and results in one egg of 23 chromosomes and 3 polar bodies that are not functional

Partners can each produce 2^23 different combinations of their parents DNA

Mitosis

single body cell division of a 46 chromosome cell resulting in two daughter cells

during division the chromosomes line up down center and are pulled to opposite sides by spindle fibers