Term
| The colloid contains ___ ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| Follicular cells have receptors for ___ and make __ and ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| Parafollicular cells, aka __ ___, make ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| They thyroid puts out mostly ___, but ___ is the active form. |
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Definition
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Term
| Iodide binds to ___ in the ___ cells. Then this goes into the ____ cells where ___ breaks down the thyroglobulin into __ and __. |
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Definition
- thyroglobulin proteins
- colloid
- follicular
- lysosomes
- T3 and T4 |
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Term
| ___ causes the cells of the thyroid gland to get bigger. |
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Definition
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Term
| Thyroglobulins have ___ with ___ ___, which is where iodine incoroporates itself. One iodine incorporates itself giving you a ____. Then if another incorporates itself you get a _____. Adding a MIT to a DIT via an ___ bond gives you ____, aka __. If you add two DITs you get _______, aka ___. ___ formation is favored. |
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Definition
- tyrosines
- phenyl rings
- mono-iodotyrosine
- di-iodotyrosine
- ester
- tri-iodoTHYRONINE, T3
- tetra-iodothyronine
- thyroxine (T4)
- Thyroxine |
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Term
| T4 is the circulating storage form. T3 is active. |
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Definition
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Term
| T3 and T4 are ___ in water because of the __ __. Thus, they move through the plasma bound to a plasma binding protein. The most common of these proteins is the ___ ___ ___, which is an __ ___ globulin made in the ___ whose synthesis is stimulated by ___. Thus, ___ causes women to have higher levels of ciruculating thyroid hormone. |
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Definition
- insoluble
- phenyl ring
- thyroxine binding globulin (TBG)
- alpha 2 globulin
- liver
- estrogen
- estrogen |
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Term
| Of the three plasma binding proteins that bind thyroid hormone, TBG is the __ concentrated, however its affinity is so ___ that it still carries ___ of T4. |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ ___ ___ is constantly released from the hypothalamus. This goes to the __ ___ and causes the release of ___ ___ __, which goes and binds to its receptor on the outside of a __ ___. This causes the thyroid to release __ and __. __ circulates back on the __ __ to ___ TSH release |
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Definition
- Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
- anterior pituitary
- Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
- thyroid cell
- T3 and T4
- T3
- anterior pituitary
- inhibits |
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Term
| To convert T4 to T3, the iodine has to be cleaved off of the ___ __, because if you cleave it off the inner ring, you make reverse T3 which is inactive. |
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Definition
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Term
| If something is wrong with the thyroid, and you can't make T3 or T4, then you will have really ___ TSH. |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ determines if your pituitary thinks you are hyper or hypothyroid. |
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Definition
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Term
| If you have a goiter causing you to make excess T3 and T4, then you will have __ TSH. |
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Definition
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Term
| If you increase the amount of binding globulin, then you ___ the amount of free hormone, so TSH release will ___, which will ___ T3 and T4 until free amount is back to normal. This will mean your total thyroid hormone will be ___, but free thyroid hormone will be ___. |
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Definition
- decrease
- increase
- increase
- elevated
- normal |
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Term
| Considering women have estrogen, which stimulates production of ___ ___ ___, they should have ___ total thyroid hormone, but ___ free hormone. |
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Definition
- thyroxine binding globulin (TBG)
- elevated
- normal |
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Term
| The highest level of TBG is seen in men with prostate cancer who are taking estrogens. |
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Definition
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Term
| TRH is trying to stimulate TSH, while T3 tries to inhibit TSH. |
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Definition
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Term
| TSH has __ and ___ chains. It has a ___ effect on the thyroid gland, meaning it makes it ___. It has a __ effect on __ and __ production. |
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Definition
- alpha and beta
- trophic
- grow
- tropic
- T3 and T4 |
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Term
| TSH has __ and ___ chains. It has a ___ effect on the thyroid gland, meaning it makes it ___. It has a __ effect on __ and __ production. |
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Definition
- alpha and beta
- trophic
- grow
- tropic
- T3 and T4 |
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Term
| When TSH is low, ___ accumulates. The gland ___ and you have __ __ cells. |
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Definition
- thyroglobulin
- atrophies
- low cuboidal |
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Term
| When TSH is too high, the follicle and gland are ___ and there are ___ ___ cells. |
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Definition
- enlarged
- large columnar |
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Term
| Explain what happens with iodine deficiency: |
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Definition
- can't make thyroid hormone, but you have really high TSH> enlarged gland but hypothyroid
- hypothyroid with goiter b/c TSH is high |
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Term
| Define goitrogens and what they cause: |
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Definition
- foods that interfere with thyroid production
- compete with iodine pump, so get an intracellular/internal iodine deficiency> goiter b/c excess TSH, but hypothyroid
- high TSH
- hypothyroid
- goiter |
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Term
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Definition
- metabolism (anabolism and catabolism)
- oxygen consumption
- heat production
- heart rate
- neural activity
- brain development |
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Term
| If hypothyroidism is not fixed at birth what happens? |
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Definition
| permanent mental retardation |
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Term
| symptoms of hyperthyroidism: |
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Definition
- hot
- jumpy
- tachycardia
- think quickly
- use lots of oxygen |
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Term
| If you block the conversion of T3 to T4, it doesn't change oxygen consumption b/c this conversion happens so slowly. |
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Definition
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Term
| How does T3 increase oxygen consumption and heat production? |
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Definition
T3 increases number of sodium potassium ATPases, which consumes 20-25% of daily energy.
- so if you tripple the number of pumps, the cells are hyperpolarized so you need more energy |
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Term
| Explain what happens with autonomous thyroid nodule: |
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Definition
- nodule produces T3 and T4 and does not respond to TSH> nodule makes all the thyroid you need so TSH isn't made anymore> gland shrivels up
- hyperthyroidism
- low TSH
- shriveled gland |
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Term
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Definition
| - hyperthyroidism b/c being inhibited by T3 and T4 |
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Term
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Definition
| - hypothyroidism b/c low T3 and T4 |
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Term
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Definition
- autoimmune disease in which thyroid stimulating TSH receptor antibodies attack thyroid> gland hypertrophies> hyperthyroidism
- low TSH
- enlarged gland
- hyperthyroidism |
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Term
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Definition
- infection and inflammation of thyroid gland
- high TSH
- hypothyroidism
(during infection may see hyperthyroidism, but after slide into hypothyroidism) |
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Term
| Normally high TSH means hypothyroidism, but if have symptoms of hyperthyroidism, thats when you think something must be wrong with the CNS. |
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Definition
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Term
| Major cause of hyperthyroidism: |
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Definition
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Term
| Affects of hyper/hypothyroidism on the musculoskeletal system: |
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Definition
hyperthyroidism> tremors, weakness
hypothyroidism> sluggishness |
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Term
| hyperthyroidism causes ___ edema, while hypothyroidism causes ___ edema. |
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Definition
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Term
| Hyperthyrodisim ___ bone. Hypothyrodisims causes ___ blood lipids. |
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Definition
- demineralizes
- elevated |
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Term
| causes of hyperthyroidism: |
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Definition
- Graves
- initial thyroiditis
- nodule |
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Term
| Causes of Hypothyroidism: |
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Definition
- primary (something wrong with thyroid)
- thyroiditis
- euthyroid sick (normal thyroid, but really sick, so values are all over the place)
- secondary: due to pituitary problems, very rare |
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