Term
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Definition
- Regulation of body fluid volume and composition
- Regulate acid-base balance
- Rid body of waste products and foreign substances
- Blood pressure regulation
- Endocrine function – renin, calcitriol, erythropoietin |
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Term
| The __ is the functional unit of the kidney and is composed of the __ ___ and the ___ ___. |
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Definition
- nephron
- renal corpuscle
- renal tubule |
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Term
| The renal corpuscle is made of the ___ and ___ ____. |
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Definition
- glomerulus
- renal capsule |
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Term
| The renal capsule, which is one part of the renal corpuscle, has ___ layers. The inner layer surrounds the glomerulus capillaries. |
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Definition
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Term
| The space between the inner and outer layers of the renal capsule is called ____ ____. This area is continuous with the tubular lumen. |
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Definition
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Term
| Blood goes into glomerulus> water moves out of capillaries into Bowman's space> tubular lumen> proximal tubule> loop of Henle> distal tubule> collecting duct |
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Definition
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Term
| Theoretically, the ___ ___ is not part of the nephron, but its function is similar to that of the nephron, so it gets grouped in with it. |
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Definition
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Term
| Urine formation and the adjustment of blood composition involves three major processes, list them. |
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Definition
- glomerular filtration
- tubular reabsorption
- tubular secretion |
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Term
| There are two sets of capillaries in the kidneys, what are they? |
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Definition
- glomerulus
- peritubular capillaries that surround the renal tubules |
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Term
| The glomerulus performs ___ ___ filtration, so there is only a very very small amount of ____ in filtrate, so small you can ignore it and call it __-free filtrate, aka ___ filtrate in Bowman's space. |
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Definition
- protein free filtration
- protein
- protein
- ultra-filtrate |
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Term
| Once ultra filtrate goes into the tubular lumen, it is called ___ ___. In the renal tubules lots of water and electrolytes will be transported from the lumen back into the blood, this is called ____. |
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Definition
- tubular fluid
- reabsorption |
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Term
| With filtration substances are going from the ___ in the ___ to ___ ____ and then the ___ ___. |
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Definition
- blood
- glomerulus
- Bowman's space
- tubular lumen |
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Term
| With reabsorption, substances are going from the ____ to the ___ in the ____. |
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Definition
| - from the tubular lumen to the blood in the peritubular capillaries |
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Term
| With secretion substances go from ____ or _____ into the the ______. |
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Definition
| - from blood or epithelial cells of the tubule to the tubule lumen |
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Term
| Reabsorption and secretion are occuring at the same time. |
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Definition
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Term
| After filtration, reabsorption, and secretion, you have ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Final urine is collected by the minor calyxes, where does it go from here? |
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Definition
| - minor calyx> major calyx> renal pelvis> ureter |
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Term
| Glomerular capillary pressure forces water and dissolved solutes into Bowman's space and produces a protein-free solution called, ____, which is very similar to ___ ___. |
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Definition
- ultrafiltrate
- blood plasma |
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Term
| Main difference between plasma and ultrafiltrate is: |
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Definition
- plasma contains protein and ultrafiltrate does not, KNOW THIS
- but there is NO difference between concentrations of electrolytes between plasma and ultrafiltrate
- so plasma concentration of sodium is 140 mmol and ultrafiltrate sodium concentration is also 140 mmol |
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Term
| Water passing from the glomerulus lumen to Bowman's space has to pass through what 3 barriers, going from innermost to outermost? |
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Definition
- endothelial cells of capillaries
- basement membrane
- podocytes |
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Term
| Processes from podocytes form ___ ____, this is not a negative space b/c it is covered by a thin membrane called the ___ ___. This membrane has many perforations so water and substances can get through it. |
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Definition
- filtration slits
- slit diaphragm |
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Term
| What makes up the glomerular filtration membrane aka glomerular filtration barrier? |
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Definition
- fenestrated capillary endothelium
- basement membrane
- slit diaphragm |
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Term
| What are 2 determinants of filtration: |
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Definition
- mechanical property: based on size of substance and size of pore
- electrical property: the filtration membrane is negatively charged, so substances in the plasma that are negatively charged will not pass through it and will remain in the plasma |
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Term
| The filtration membrane functions as a ____ and ____ filter. |
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Definition
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Term
| Considering the filtration barrier, explain what happens with differently charged dextrins. |
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Definition
- neutral dextrin can filter
- negative dextrin won't filter
- positive dextrin filters the best |
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Term
| 4 components of Starling force: |
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Definition
- capillary pressure- favors filtration
- interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure- favors filtration
- plasma colloid osmotic pressure- againsst filtration
- interstitial fluid pressure- against filtration |
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Term
| Interstitial colloid osmotic pressure ___ filtration because it needs to be diluted. |
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Definition
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Term
| Plasma colloid osmotic pressure is ___ filtration b/c it needs to keep water and stay diluted. |
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Definition
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Term
| Interstitial fluid pressure aka ____ pressure is ____ filtration. |
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Definition
- interstitial hydrostatic pressure
- against |
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Term
| Capillary pressure ___ filtration. |
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Definition
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Term
| Just remember interstial colloid favors filtration, interstitial fluid pressure is against. |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is the glomerulus more efficient than other capillary beds? |
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Definition
- its filtration membrane is much more permeable
- glomerular blood pressure is higher
- it has a higher net filtration barrier |
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Term
| Plasma proteins are not filtered in the glomerulus and are used to maintain plasma ____ pressure in the blood. |
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Definition
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Term
| What starling force is lacking in the kideny and why? |
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Definition
| - oncotic pressure in Bowman's space/interstial b/c filtrate is protein free |
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Term
| The three pressures that determine glomerular filtration include: |
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Definition
- hydrostatic/fluid pressure in glomerulus
- oncotic pressure in glomerulus
- hydrostatic/fluid pressure in Bowman's space |
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Term
| ___ ___ ____ is the pressure responsible for filtrate formation. Equation for this value: |
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Definition
- Net Filtration Pressure
NFP= glomerular hydrostatic pressure - (glomerular oncotic pressure + Bowman's space hydrostatic pressure) |
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Term
| Filtration is not constant throughout glomerulus, it decreases along the way, so NFP decreases along the way. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| NFP decreases along the way of a capillary b/c water is being reabsorbed so ____ ____ pressure is increasing, which is against filtration. |
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Definition
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Term
| Define Glomerular Filtration Rate: |
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Definition
- GFR
- the total amount of filtrate formed per minute by both kidneys together (about 125 ml/min) |
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Term
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Definition
- total surface area available for filtration
- filtration membrane permeability
- Net Filtration Pressure (NFP) |
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Term
| Glomerular filtration is driven by NFP, so a factor that affects NFP will also affect GFR. So if you have high NFP you will have a higher GFR. |
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Definition
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Term
| GFR assess the function of ___ ___. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
GFR= NFP x Kf
Kf = filtration by surface area and permeability |
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Term
| formula for filtration fraction: |
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Definition
FF= GFR/RPF
RPF: renal plasma flow |
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Term
| Filtration fraction can be used to assess GFR and affects GFR. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- NFP- direct correlation
- RPF- direct correlation
- GFR- direct correlation |
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Term
| parameters used to assess renal function: |
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Definition
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Term
| If both the afferent and efferent arterioles were constricted, pressure would be ___ and renal plasma flow would be ___, so GFR would be ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| If the efferent arteriole is constricted, but the afferent is normal, resistance of the renal vasculature will ____, renal plasma flow will ____, glomerular pressure will ___, GFR will ___, and filtration fraction will ____. |
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Definition
- increase
- decrease
- increase
- increase
- increase |
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Term
| If the afferent arteriole constricts, but the efferent does not, resistance ____, renal plasma flow ___, glomerular pressure ____, so GFR ___. |
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Definition
- increases
- decreases
- decreases
- decreases |
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Term
| If the efferent arteriole is dilated, resistance will ____, renal plasma flow will ___, glomerular pressure will ___, GFR will ___, and filtration fraction will ____. |
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Definition
- decrease
- increase
- decrease
- decrease
- decrease |
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Term
| If the afferent arteriole is dilated, resistance will ____, renal plasma flow will ____, GFR will ____, and filtration fraction will ____. |
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Definition
- decrease
- increase
- increase
- increase
- stay the same |
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Term
| Define filtration fraction: |
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Definition
| - percentage of water filtrated to total renal plasma flow in kidneys |
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Term
| Three mechanisms that control GFR: |
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Definition
- renal autoregulation aka intrinsic system
- neural controls
- hormonal mechanism (renin-angiotensin system) |
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Term
| Under normal conditions, ___ ____ maintains a nearly constant ___ ___ ___. |
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Definition
- renal autoregulation
- glomerular filtration rate |
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Term
| Autoregulation entails two types of controls, list and define them. |
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Definition
- Myogenic- responds to changes in pressure in the renal blood vessels
- Flow-dependent tuboglomerular feedback- senses changes in the juxtaglomerular apparatus |
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Term
| Above an arterial pressure of 100 mmHg, renal blood flow and GFR do not change much due to ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain the renal autoregulation-myogenic response to increased pressure in the renal artery: |
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Definition
| - increased pressure in renal artery> strethces walls of afferent arteriole> constriction of afferent arteriole> no change in the glomerular capillary pressure and renal plasma flow> no change in GFR |
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Term
| components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus: |
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Definition
- ascending loop of henle/distal tubule with macula densa cells
- afferent arteriole with juxtaglomerular cells
- extraglomerular mesangial cells between the afferent and efferent arterioles |
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Term
| The ___ cells in the ___ ___ make renin. |
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Definition
- juxtaglomerual cells
- afferent arterioles |
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Term
| The __ ___ in the ___ ___ senses concentration of NaCl in tubular fluid. |
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Definition
- macula densa
- ascending loop |
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Term
| Explain the autoregulation response that occurs with increased GFR: |
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Definition
- increased GFR> more sodium goes past the macula densa> macula densa senses high NaCl> macula densa sends signals to afferent arteriole causing it to contract> less blood flow in glomerulus> GFR goes back to normal
- this is an example of negative feedback |
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Term
| Via what substances does the macula densa cause the afferent arteriole to constrict? |
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Definition
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Term
| Via what substances does the macula densa cause the afferent arteriole to relax? |
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Definition
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Term
| So if GFR is high, urine flow will be high, the macula densa will note lots of NaCl and send signals via ATP and Adenosine to the afferent arteriole causing it to constrict to decrease GFR |
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Definition
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Term
| If the GFR is low, urine flow will be low, and the macula densa will NOT note much NaCl and will send signals via nitric oxide and PGE2 to the afferent arteriole causing it to dilate so GFR will increase some |
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Definition
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Term
| List the local hormones that have intrinsic control over the kidneys: |
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Definition
- Endothelin-I
- Prostaglandins
- Nitric Oxide
- Adenosine |
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Term
| Endothelin I is produced by the ___ and causes ____ of the afferent and efferent arterioles , thus decreasing ___ and ___. |
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Definition
- kidney
- vasoconstriction
- RBF and GFR |
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Term
| Prostaglandins are produced by the ____ and increase ____ by antagonizing the effects of ___ and _____. |
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Definition
- kidneys
- renal blood flow
- antagonizing sympathetics and Ang II |
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Term
| Nitric oxide is ___ produced and caused ___ of the afferent and efferent arterioles, thus increasing ____. |
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Definition
- locally
- dilation
- renal blood flow (RBF) |
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Term
| Adenosine is produced in the ___ and causes ____ of the afferent and efferent arteriole, thus ___ GFR and RBF. |
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Definition
- kidney
- vasoconstriction
- decreasing |
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Term
| When the sympathetic nervous system is at rest, the renal blood vessels are maximally ____ and ____mechanisms prevail. |
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Definition
- dilated
- autoregulation |
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Term
| Under stress, the sympathetic nervous system releases ____ and the adrenal medulla releases ____. These cause the ___ arteriole to constrict which inhibits ___. The sympathetic nervous system also stimulates the ______ mechanism. |
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Definition
- norepinephrine
- epinephrine
- afferent
- filtration
- Renin-angiotension mechanism |
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Term
| The sympathetic nervous system will trigger the ____ ____ mechanism. |
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Definition
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Term
| The renin-angiotension mechanism is triggered when the ____ cells release ___. These cells are stimulated to release this by the sympathetic nervous system. |
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Definition
- juxtaglomerular cells
- renin |
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Term
| Renin acts on ____ to release _____. |
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Definition
- angiotensinogen
- Angiotension I |
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Term
| Angiotension I (10 amino acids long) is not active yet. _____, which comes from the lungs, converts Ang. I to Angiotension II (8 amino acids, active form). |
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Definition
| - Angiotension Converting Enzyme (ACE) |
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Term
| Angiotension II causes vessel ____ to ____ blood pressure. It also further stimulates the ___ ___ to release ____. |
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Definition
- constriction
- increase
- adrenal cortex
- aldosterone |
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Term
| Angiotensinogen is made in the ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Angiotension II cuases mean arterial pressure to ___ and stimulates the ___ ___ to release ___. As a result, both ___ and ____ ___ pressure rise. |
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Definition
- increase
- adrenal cortex
- aldosterone
- systemic
- glomerular hydrostatic |
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Term
| Renin release can be triggered by 3 mechansims. List them. |
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Definition
- reduced stretch of the granular juxtaglomerular cells
- stimulation of juxtaglomerular cells via activated macula densa cells
- direct stimulation via beta1 adrenergic receptors by renal nerves
- angiotension II |
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Term
| Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) is secreted by ___ ___ and is part of extrinsic control of kidneys. |
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Definition
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Term
| Brain Naturiuretic Peptide (BNP) is secreted by the ___ ___ and ___. |
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Definition
- cardiac ventricle
- brain |
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Term
| ANP and BNP both ___ the afferent arteriole and ___ the efferent arteriole to ___ GFR without much change in RBF. |
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Definition
- dilate
- constrict
- incease |
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Term
| List 3 vasoconstrictors to the kidneys: |
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Definition
- sympathetic nerves
- Angiotension II
- Endothelin |
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Term
| List 3 vasodilators to the kidneys: |
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Definition
- prostaglandins (PGE2, etc. )
- nitric oxide
- bradykinin
- ANP
- BNP |
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Term
| Intrinsic mechanisms are in control for pressures between: |
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Definition
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Term
| Extrinsic mechanism kick in with pressures below ___. |
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Definition
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