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Phys. Exam 4 Female Reproduction
Female Reproduction
45
Physiology
Graduate
12/03/2010

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Term
All variation of menstrual cycle happens in the ___ ___ phase aka the uterus/oviduct ___ phase. The ___ phase aka ____ phase is fixed.
Definition
- follicular aka proliferative
- luteal aka secretory
Term
Women’s borns with tons of primordial follicles. During reproduction age, 10-20 primordial follicles start maturing each month(signal to mature starts 2 cycles before), eventually big enough an antrum forms filled with fluid= graffian follicle, then nat middle of cycle under influence of estrogen and LH, enzymes digest edge of graafian follicle> egg is released into peritoneal cavity (ovulation)> picked up by fimbriae of fallopian tubes
Definition
Term
The spike in LH is called what and causes what?
Definition
- ovulatory surge
- ovulation
- stimuulates theca cells and granulosa cells to divide and fill up the empty cavity forming the corpus luteum
- corpus luteum degrades in 9-10 days= luteolysis> white scarr tissue called corpus albicans
Term
The spike in LH is called what and causes what?
Definition
- ovulatory surge
- ovulation
- stimuulates theca cells and granulosa cells to divide and fill up the empty cavity forming the corpus luteum
- corpus luteum degrades in 9-10 days= luteolysis> white scarr tissue called corpus albicans
Term
main product of the corpus luteum is:
Definition
progesterone
Term
During the first half, aka the ovarian follicular/uterine proliferative, the main product of the ovary is ____.
Definition
estradiole
Term
The main product during the luteal phase is ___, but there is still a little ___ to keep up development of the uterus.
Definition
- progesterone
- estrogen
Term
The vasiduous (lining of uterus), is supplied by arteries that become ___ towards the end of the ___ phase. Eventually, they constrict to the point of cutting off the blood supply to the uterine lining, so the ____ layer sluffs off but the pits are left behind. During the ___ phase you grow this layer back and develop blood vessels again. Blood vessels become tortuous in the luteal phase.
Definition
- tortuous
- luteal
- vasiduous
- follicular
Term
primordial follicles> primary follicles> Graafian follicles> ovulation> corpus hemorrhagicum> corpus lutem> corpus albicans
Definition
Term
During menstruation, the outer part of the oviduct is lost, but it grows back with ___ during the ___/___ phase. ___ become active during the ___/__ phase to help the egg move down to the uterus, they also secrete ___ ___ which contains CHOs, sugars, and amino acids.
Definition
- cilia
- follicular/ proliferative
- Cilia
- luteal/secretory
- uterine milk
Term
In early parts of the cycle while follicles are maturing, ___ keeps LH and FSH low. But in the middle of the ____/___ phase, there is a switch in which ___ stimulates, instead of inhibiting, release of LH and FSH. So ___ gets released, goes to the ovary and stimulates production of more estrogen, so you get a gradually developing positive feeback b/w __ and __. Then you get the preovulatory surge in ___ which triggers the wall of the ___ follicle to break down and ___ occurs. Then LH ___ after ovulation b/c no more blood supply to follicle so no more ___, so you cut positive feedback. Then the follicle becomes the ___ ___, secreting mostly ___, which is an ___ to the uterus and stimulates ___ ___, while estrogen continues growth of the uterus.
Definition
- estrogen
- follicular/proliferative
- estrogen
- LH
- estrogen and LH
- LH
- graafian
- ovulation
- decreases
- estrogen
- corpus luteum
- progesterone
- anesthetic
- secretory phase
Term
During the early follicular phase there is lots of ___ stimulating follicles to mature. Follicles grow and produce and swim in ___ and the follicles have ___ receptors. At this time __ is inhibiting ___ release while stimulating follicular growth. Then during the ____ phase FSH is still falling, and more and more ___ is being made collectively by the follicles, which results in the ___ surge of ___> 19 follicles go through atresia b/c not enough ___, and one follicle gets ovulated.
Definition
- FSH
- estrogen
- estrogen
- estrogen
- FSH
- midfollicular
- estrogen
- preovulatory surge in LH
- FSH
Term
Pass middle of folicular phase estrogen becomes stimulatory to LH. Follicles get LH receptors and make more estrogen (postive feed back)> culminates in one follicle growing> surge of LH> ovulation
Definition
Term
Progesterone is universally ___ to the pituitary, so it inhibits release of __ and ___.
Definition
- inhibitory
- LH and FSH
Term
Luteal phase is fixed at __days. So if you don't get pregnant, then ___ will occur, which ___ are involved with (these will cause abortion if pregnant).
Definition
- 14
- luteolysis
- prostaglandins
Term
There is a very important relationship b/w the uterineovarian vein and the ovarian artery that communicates whether or not uterus is pregant. If not pregnant ___ lyse the corpus luteum. But if you are pregnant, the conceptus sends a signal to the ovary to save the __ __.
Definition
- prostaglandins
- corpus luteum
Term
When you're pregnant, at some point LH isn't enough anymore for the corpus luteum, so ___ ___ ____ (__) is produced by ___ cells around the outside of the developing egg
Definition
- human corianic gonadotropin (HCG)
- tropoblast cells
Term
Prior to implantation, the ___ produces its own weight in HCG every 24 hours to rescue the corpus luteum.
Definition
- blastocyst
Term
So LH is very low when progesterone spikes with corpus luteum. LH is necessary for corpus luteum, just don’t need a lot of it.
Definition
Term
There are two types of cells in the follicle, __ cells and ___ cells, and both are needed to make steroids.
Definition
- theca
- granulosa
Term
Explain the three types of estrogens:
Definition
E1. Estrone, primary estrogen in post-menopausal women

E2. 17-B-Estradiol- main one in cycling women

E3. Estriol- additional estrogen made exclusively during pregnancy, placental estrogen
Term
Effects of estrogen during cycle:
Definition
- proliferation and motility of oviducts and uterus
- promote motility of uterus
- causes elastic cervical mucus to form that allows passage of sperm
- highest in the middle of the cycle when ovulation occurs> optimum time to let sperm in
- if mucous dries on the slide like a fern= ferning, then it is this type of mucous
Term
Chronic estrogen effects:
Definition
- causes uterus and vagina to grow
- maintains inner lining of vagina, so postmenopause this can be a problem with friction= cornification-inside of vagina isn't as tough b/c lack of estrogen so friction hurts
- female physique
- pigmentation of nipples and areola
- development of breast ducts and stroma
Term
Anabolic estrogens:
Definition
- skeletal growth
- growth plate closure
- follicular growth in ovaries
- uterine and oviduct growth
Term
Endocrine effects of estrogens:
Definition
- increases amount of hormone binding globulins
- involved with positive and negative feedback on pituitary
Term
Estrogen effects in blood:
Definition
- proclotter
- vasodilator- protective affect against CHD before menopause
Term
What does the uterus do to get ready for parturition:
Definition
- estrogen causes increase in oxytocin recptors
- estrogen increases prostaglandin synthetase towards the end of pregnancy to increase prostaglandins> contractions
Term
Progestins:
Definition
- progesterone
- 17hydroxyprogesterone
Term
The corpus luteum secretes :
Definition
17hydroprogesterone
Term
As pregnancy progresses, the uterus secretes more and more ___, so ____ becomes less and less b/c thats from corpus luteum, and corpus luteum is less and less important.
Definition
- progesterone
- 17hydroxyprogesterone
Term
cyclic progesterins cause:
Definition
- secretions and decidualization of the oviduct and uterus
- small increase in core temperature
Term
decidualization:
Definition
progesterone causing uterus and oviducts to save up stuff (CHOS, fat protein, etc. for the 9 months)
Term
Progesterone makes the cervical mucuous thick and impermeable to sperm.
Definition
Term
progesterone feedback on the pituitary is always ___.
Definition
negative
Term
Estrogens are ___ to uterus, progesterones are ___ to uterus.
Definition
- exciting
- soothing
Term
chronic effects of progesterone on uterus and breasts:
Definition
- trophic and soothing to uterus
- develops alveoli for milk
Term
birth control pills prevent ___ surge, but does not prevent follicle maturation, so if skip pill can still ovulate.
Definition
- LH
Term
In pregnancy- HCG production increases a lot a lot especially of beginning, this is basis of standard pregnancy test b/c so much in the blood it comes out in urine. Can tell on day 21-22 with good test. HCG is functially almot identical to LH, does the same things. HCG rescues corpus luteum and is measure to determine if pregnant or not.
Definition
Term
As pregnancy progresses, more and more progesterone comes from uterus, and at about week 10 all of progesterone comes from here and can take out ovary if necessary for some reason. Prog always higher than estrogen, but reach a point when influence of estrogen is greatery> oxytocin receptors increase on uterus, then positive feedback with estrogen.
Definition
Term
Placenta makes human corionic somatomammaotropin later on in pregnancy, what does it do?
Definition
- growth hormone like hormone that stimulates production of free fatty acids for mom's use, so baby can use glucose
- prolactin like hormone that synergizes with prolactin to stimulate breast development in preparation for lactation
Term
When its time for delivery, ___ and ___ fall, and then the ___ is delivered. These steroids have been inhibiting lactation by inhibiting ___ and ___.
Definition
- estrogen and progesterone fall
- placenta
- prolactin and human corionic somatomammotropin
Term
Neuroendocrine reflex of breast feeding:
Definition
- baby suckles> oxytocin and prolactin released

- prolactin triggers synthesis of milk, burst of prolactin is for tomorrows milk , not todays
- oxytocin moves milk in
Term
main difference b/w cow's milk and mom's milk:
Definition
mom's milk has lactoglobulin- antibodies= passive immunity for new born's GI tract
Term
another role of oxytocin:
Definition
released when breast feeding and bonds baby to mom
Term
As child gonadtropin are low and don’t change much b/w day and night. In puberty you get increase at night. In adult its continous. In mid-cycle you get the surge. Post menopausal you have continously elevated gonadotropins so pituitary constantly stimulated.
Definition
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