Term
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Definition
- hardening of arteries
- more than half of the deaths in the U.S. result from this
- 300 billion dollars per year |
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Term
| number one killer in country: |
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Definition
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Term
| atherosclerosis can cause: |
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Definition
- infarct
- stroke
- gangrene
- aneurysm |
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Term
| summary of progression of events with atherosclerosis: |
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Definition
| - fatty streak> fibrous plaque > calcification complicated lesion: hemorrhage, ulceration, thrombosis |
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Term
| 62% of men and 46% of women have a MI or die before aware of their coronary artery disease. |
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Definition
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Term
| coronary fatty streaks are the ___ lesions. ___ ____ are the later lesions that induce the formation of clots leading to a stroke or heart attack. |
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Definition
- initial
- coronary atheromas |
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Term
| later lesions of atherosclerosis that lead to clot formation, heart attack, and stroke? |
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Definition
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Term
| 1 in 6 teenagers has atheroma. |
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Definition
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Term
| Three components of the atherosclerotic process: |
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Definition
- dyslipoproteinemia
- inflammation
- thrombosis
smoking is a huge contributor |
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Term
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Definition
| part of triglyceride for energy storage, cholesterol is essential membrane component in order to generate new cells and tissues, primary importance for developing individuals carried by lipoprotein, cholesterol is also used as a hormone precursor and its also a precursor for bile acids for lipid digestion and absorption |
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Term
| chylomicrons tranpsort triglycerides to __ or ___ tissue. |
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Definition
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Term
| lipoproteins can be abnormal due to ___ or ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| In the initial fatty streak phase of atherosclerosis ___ ___ ___ form. |
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Definition
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Term
| In the plaque stage ___ ___ ___ accumulate and a __ ___ forms. |
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Definition
- macrophage foam cells accumulate
- necrotic core forms |
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Term
| In the plaque stage ___ ___ ___ accumulate and a __ ___ forms |
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Definition
- macrophage foam cells accumulate
- necrotic core forms |
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Term
| fatty streak> macrophage foam cells form> plaque stage where foam cells accumulate and necrotic core develops> rupture of endothelium and occlusive blood clot formation |
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Definition
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Term
| Pathophysiological contributors to endothelial dysfunction: |
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Definition
- lipids
- LDL
- Diabetes
- Hypertension
- Smoking
- Homocysteine
- estrogen withdrawal |
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Term
| Prevention strategies for atherosclerosis are based on the assessment of modifiable risk factors including: |
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Definition
- hypertension
- smoking
- high cholesterol |
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Term
| high cholesterol is strongly associated with coronary death. |
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Definition
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Term
| sequence of events with plaque formation and arteriosclerosis: |
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Definition
In intima of tissue:
- macrophages interact with and take up oxidized LDL forming foam cells filled with cholesterol ester
- foam cells irritate the artery and promote proliferation of muscle cells
- irritation results in deposition of cholesterol ester > platelets and cellular debris accumulate |
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Term
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Definition
- good cholesterol
- takes cholesterol out of macrophages and artery
- has antioxidant effect that prevents LDL from being oxidized
- has anti-inflammatory effect to counteract inflammation that can lead to arteriosclerosis |
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Term
| main target for cholesterol lowing drugs: |
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Definition
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Term
| lipoproteins transport what? |
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Definition
- cholesterol
- triglycerides
- phospholipids |
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Term
| Lipoproteins are spherical macromolecules consisting of a core of triglycerides and cholesteryl esters surrounded by an outer shell of cholesterol and phospholipids and apolipoproteins. |
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Definition
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Term
| how to precipitate out lipoproteins: |
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Definition
- human plasma + Na/K bromide
- centrifuge for 36 hours at 40,000x g
- from top to bottom: chylomicrons>VLDL> LDL> HDL> free fatty acids and albumin |
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Term
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Definition
- core lipid: triglycerides
- function: transport dietary triglycerides to liver, muscle, and adipose tissue |
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Term
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Definition
- core lipid: triglycerides
- function: transports endogenously (liver) synthesized triglycerides to adipose and muscle tissues |
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Term
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Definition
- core: cholesterol esters
- function: transport of cholesterol to peripheral and liver cells
- ATHEROGENIC |
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Term
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Definition
- core lipid: chosterol esters
- function: transport cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver.
- ANTI-ATHEROGENIC |
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Term
| ___ is the only organ that is able to eliminate cholesterol by converting it to ___ ___ that can be excreted through the intestinal system. This is why we need ___ to do reverse cholesterol transport to the liver. |
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Definition
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Term
| Only a small portion of the cholesterol molecule is available for energy, this portion is called ___ __. |
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Definition
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Term
| ALL ORGANS CAN DO ENDOGENOUS SYNTHESIS OF CHOLESTEROL, BUT ONLY LIVER CAN GET RID OF IT BY MAKING IT INTO BILE ACIDS TO BE EXCRETED. |
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Definition
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Term
| total amount of bile acid traficcing aka bile acid lost is about ___ grams or __%. |
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Definition
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Term
| cholesterol balance is essential for normal cell activity and is mantained through |
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Definition
- hepatic activity
- extrahepatic activity |
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Term
The general concept of cholesterol balance is well established. A typical human metabolizes approximately 1,200 mg of cholesterol per day. On a modestly restricted diet, 300 mg of this cholesterol will be absorbed from the diet and 900 mg will be synthesized.
Every cell in every organ of the body requires the constant movement of cholesterol through the Golgi network, into specialized structures of the cell membrane, and onto the caveola and other structures.1 Therefore, cholesterol is constantly synthesized by the extrahepatic organs, circulated to the cells for processing, then removed from the cell surface by adenosine triphosphate binding cassette-1 (ABCA-1) transporters.2 It is then carried by HDL to the liver, where it is taken up by the scavenger receptor class B, type I (SR-BI) pathway,3 metabolized, and excreted. In every species, including the primate, the level of circulating LDL-C depends on the LDL-receptor activity in the liver.4 |
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Definition
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Term
| a typical human metabolizes ___ mg of cholesterol a day. |
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Definition
1200
- 300 absorbed from diet
- 900 synthesized in body |
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Term
| every cell in body requires constant movement of cholesterol through __ __. |
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Definition
| golgi network and on to calveoli |
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Term
| cholesterol is constantly being synthesized by ___ tissues, ciruclated to cells for procesing, then removed from the cell surface by ___ and ___ transporters. Then it is carried to the liver by ___, where the scavenger __ __ __, type I SRBI pathway metabolizes it, and then its excreted |
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Definition
- extrahepatic
- ATP cassete I, ABCA transporters
- HDL
- receptor class B |
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Term
| In every species, the level of circulating LDL-C depends on what? |
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Definition
| - LDL receptor activity in the liver |
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Term
| cholesterol is converted to steroid hormones in the __ ___ and in the ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| cholesterol is converted to bile acids in the ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| Interhepatic circulation: |
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Definition
- circulation of bile acids back to the liver
- about 1 gram per day does this |
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Term
| LDL not made in the liver. VLDL is made in the liver and it circulates and the ___ ___ on endothelial lining of capillaries depletes the triglyceride load, so you have ___. LDL is the major cholesterol carrier to tissues. |
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Definition
- lipoprotein lipase
- LDL |
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Term
| adults have a lower demand for cholesterol and their cholesterol is almost entirely taken up by bile acid synthesis. |
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Definition
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Term
| cholesterol synthesis from acetyl-coA requires ___ steps and ___ ATP. |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the rate limiting step in cholesterol biosynthesis: |
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Definition
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Term
| HMG COA reductase is the rate limiting step with cholesterol synthesis b/c this enzyme is inhibited by one of the products it produces, ____. This enzyme is also regulated by ___/____. So once enough of its product has been made, this enzyme will be inhibited. |
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Definition
- squalene
- phosphorylation/dephosphorylation |
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Term
| LDL receptors are in ___ __ ___. LDL interacts with the receptor> LDL is internalized into cell> LDL get dismanteled in the lysosome releasing amino acids and breaking cholesterol ester apart> cholesterol accumulates in the ER membrane and sends out signals> signals affect cholesterol trafficing by three ways, list them: |
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Definition
- clatharin coated pits
build up cholesterol in ER membrane sends out the following signals:
- decreased HMG-CoA reductase
- increased ACAT and cholesterol oleate
- decreased LDL receptors |
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Term
| LDL receptor pathway is designed to make sure that enough cholesterol is availble, and that there is no overloading. This is done be regulation of: |
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Definition
- hmg coa reductase
- LDL receptors |
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Term
| The liver makes VLDL. IDL and LDL are made in blood by endothelial lipoprotein lipase. Liver has receptors for IDL and LDL. |
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Definition
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Term
| homozygotes with familial hypercholesterolemia have LDL ___ times normal. |
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Definition
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Term
| familial hypercholesterolemia is due to defective or absent __ ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| treatment of familial hypercholesterolemia: |
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Definition
Coadministration of :
- cholesterol absorption inhibitor (CAI)like ezetimibe- prevents cholesterol absorption from diet
- statin- prevents cholesterol synthesis |
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Term
| statins may effectively counter the upregulation of cholesterol synthesis caused by CAIs, and CAIs may reduce the cholesterol content of chylomicrons.3 |
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Definition
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Term
| Hetero for familial hypercholesterolemia have cholesterol in 4-500s. Homozygotes have cholesterol around 1000. |
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Definition
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Term
| Statins upregulate ___ ____ and decrease ___ __ ___ so that synthesis is shut off and only source of cholesterol is from the plasma. Statins also moderately increase __ but no one is sure how. |
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Definition
- LDL receptors
- HMG CoA reductase
- HDL |
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Term
| common to treat high cholesterol with statins and bile acid sequestrants. |
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Definition
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Term
| Even if LDL is high, if ___ is also high, then the risk is almost the same as having a low LDL. |
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Definition
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Term
| Low __ is an independent predictor of CHD risk even when LDL is low. |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ should also be treated when treating arteriosclerosis or CHD. |
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Definition
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