Term
| Hyper Motility, aka ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypo Motility, aka ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rapid shift of the Water balance from the plasma to lumen is ______ syndrome. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neurocrine is a specific type of ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sensor detects level of variable, which may be: _______ |
|
Definition
free level of hormone in blood
variable whose level is effected by
hormone |
|
|
Term
| error signal is the difference between ______ & ______. |
|
Definition
| set point lvl and variable lvl |
|
|
Term
| ______ or ______ can change the set point for the feedback loop. |
|
Definition
| Humeral or neural influence |
|
|
Term
Note that for complex system, negative feedback (inhibition) occurs
at _______ and can be exerted by _______. |
|
Definition
more than one level
more than one agent |
|
|
Term
________ secretion is stimulated by the
hormone Secretin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Secretin‐secreting cells are in the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Secretin‐secreting cells are in
the duodenum and are
stimulated by _______ in
the duodenum. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
_____ entering the
duodenum neutralizes the
duodenal contents, leading to
an increase in the pH which
______ the secretion of
secretin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hydrophobic hormone examples: _______. |
|
Definition
| Steroids and thyroid hormones |
|
|
Term
| Hydrophillic hormone examples: _______. |
|
Definition
| Polypeptides, glycoproteins, some amines (epinephrine) |
|
|
Term
_______ hormones
require binding proteins for transport |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hydrophillic hormones are transported with/without transport proteins. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hydrophillic hormones require “______”to promote intracellular effect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hydrophilic hormones may be internalized as _______ complex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hydrophilic hormones bind to specific receptors on the membrane to activate a “_______.” |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Hydrophobic hormones binds with a
receptor on the _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hydrophilic hormones exerts its effect through DNA‐dependent _____ synthesis which is a relatively slow process. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Equilibrium constant for association formula: ______. |
|
Definition
Ka = [LP]/ ([L]x[P])
L+P -> LP |
|
|
Term
| Equilibrium constant for dissociation formula: ______. |
|
Definition
Kd = ([L]x[P])/ [LP]
LP-> L+P |
|
|
Term
| The concentration at which 50% of the ligand is bound is equal to ____. |
|
Definition
KD dissociation constant
Kd = ([L]x[P])/ [LP]
LP-> L+P |
|
|
Term
| Presence of a competitor has ___ effect on KD. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Second messengers activate post‐receptor pathways leading to the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ & ______ govern the amount of cAMP |
|
Definition
| Stimulatory and inhibitory G‐proteins |
|
|
Term
| cAMP is a second messenger that activates _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Phosphatidyl inositol converted
to ________ releases _____ & _______. |
|
Definition
Inositol triphosphate (IP3)
Ca++ from ER |
|
|
Term
| Phosphatidyl inositol is cleaved by _____ into _____ & _____. |
|
Definition
Phospholipase C
Phosphatidyl inositol & Inositol triphosphate (IP3) |
|
|
Term
| Ca++ and DAG activate ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ causes Ca2+ release from ER in the PIP2 2nd messenger pathway. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hormone concentrations in the blood are the net of the rates of _______ and ________. |
|
Definition
synthesis/secretion
metabolism/excretion |
|
|
Term
| Ghrelin Secreted from the _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gastrin Secreted from the _______. |
|
Definition
| gastric antrum (lower part of stomach) & duodenal mucosa (upper part of SI) |
|
|
Term
| Cholecystokinin (CCK) Secreted from the _______. |
|
Definition
| duodenal and jejeunal mucosa |
|
|
Term
| Secretin Secreted from the _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP) Secreted from the _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Motilin Secreted from the _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) is Member of the ______ family of peptides. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) is found in excess with ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) causes smooth muscle ______ of the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) causes _____ of blood vessels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) Stimulates ____ movement into pancreatic secretions and into the small intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| VIP increases _____ to activate the _____ on the apical surface. |
|
Definition
cAMP
CFTR chloride channel |
|
|
Term
| Activation of the CFTR channels by VIP leads to a large secretion of ________ into the ______. |
|
Definition
| ions and water into the small intestine |
|
|
Term
| With a VIPoma tumor or with _____, there is a major activation of CFTR Cl channels resulting in marked ______ and potential _______. |
|
Definition
Cholera
diarrhea
CV collapse due to a decreased plasma volume |
|
|
Term
| ____, _____, & ______ are homologous with secretin at many sites. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CCK is secreted from the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
C-terminal ____peptide conveys biological
activity of CCK. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ of the _____ residue at position 7 is required for CCK activity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When tyrosine is not sulfated, CCK conveys _____-like activity because the five C-terminal amino acids of CCK are identical to ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Little gastrin (G17) comes from the _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The C‐terminal ___peptide conveys the biological activity for Gastrin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| C‐terminal peptide of gastrin is identical to _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Called Gastrin II when tyrosine at
position 6 from the C‐terminal end is _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Big gastrin (G34) comes from the _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Motilin stimulates _____________. |
|
Definition
| mass contractions of stomach and small intestine |
|
|
Term
| Motilin stimulates mass contractions of stomach and small intestine when? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gastrin Stimulates ______ secretion. |
|
Definition
| gastric secretion of HCl (parietal cells) |
|
|
Term
| Gastrin Stimulates increased ______ cell mass in the _____ mucosa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CCK stimulates ______ secretion. |
|
Definition
| Pancreatic enzyme secretion |
|
|
Term
| CCK stimulates ______ contraction & relaxation of _______. |
|
Definition
Gall Bladder
Sphincter of Oddi |
|
|
Term
| CCK stimulates increased ____ cell mass in the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hormones inhibiting gastric secretion and emptying are known as _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Secretin Stimulates ______ & ______ secretion |
|
Definition
| Pancreatic (aqueous) & biliary bicarbonate |
|
|
Term
| Secretin Stimulates increased _____ cell mass in the _____ tissue |
|
Definition
exocrine
pancreatic (just like with CCK) |
|
|
Term
| Secretin Inhibits ______ secretion by _____ cells & _____ secretion by _____ cells. |
|
Definition
Acid secretion by parietal cells (direct effect)
Gastrin secretion by G-cells |
|
|
Term
| Secretin Inhibits/stimulates gastric emptying. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| GIP Stimulates _____ secretion during ________. |
|
Definition
Insulin
absorption of glucose |
|
|
Term
| GIP Inhibits ______ secretion by ______ cells and _____ secretion by _____ cells. |
|
Definition
Acid secretion by parietal cells
Gastrin secretion by G Cells |
|
|
Term
| GIP Inhibits/stimulates gastric emptying. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ghrelin stimulates: _______. |
|
Definition
| food intake, GH secretion, gastric secretion and emptying |
|
|
Term
| Ghrelin Inhibits _____ secretion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ Stimulates Insulin secretion during absorption of glucose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Primary stimuli for the secretion of Motilin: _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Primary stimuli for the secretion of Gastrin: _______. |
|
Definition
| Vagal input, peptides, amino acids, distension |
|
|
Term
| Primary stimuli for the secretion of CCK: _______. |
|
Definition
| Peptides, amino acids, FFA (with > 8 C atoms) in duodenum |
|
|
Term
| Primary stimuli for the secretion of Secretin: _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Primary stimuli for the secretion of GIP: _______. |
|
Definition
| Glucose, amino acids & fat in duodenum |
|
|
Term
| Two major paracrines in the GI tract: _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Histamine comes from ____ cells in the _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Histamine stimulates _____ and _____ secretion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Histamine Potentiates effects of _____ & ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Somatostatin from ____ cells in the _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Somatostatin Inhibits _____ & ______ cells. |
|
Definition
| parietal (HCl secreting) & G cells (Gastrin Secreting) |
|
|
Term
Somatostatin is also secreted in pancreas to inhibit secretion of both
_____ & ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Somatostatin is also released into anterior pituitary to inhibit secretion of _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Visceral afferents of the GI tract convey Functional status to _________. |
|
Definition
| NTS (Nucleus Tractus Solitarius) |
|
|
Term
| Visceral afferents of the GI tract convey Pain to _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Extrinsic efferents to GI tract of the PNS, Somatic motor comes from the ________ & Visceral motor comes from the _________. |
|
Definition
Nucleus Ambiguus
Dorsal Motor Nucleus of X |
|
|
Term
| PNS of the GI have their ganglia where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| SNS of the GI tract has its major effect on ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Efferent output for the PNS for the GI tract is carried by ____ nerve. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vagus nerve carries outputs from ______ & ______ nuclei. |
|
Definition
Dorsal Vagal Nucleus
Nucleus Ambiguus |
|
|
Term
| Nucleus Ambiguus, through the vagus nerve supplies: ______ of the GI tract. |
|
Definition
Striated muscles of Pharynx, Esophagus, & Larynx
(heart too) |
|
|
Term
| Dorsal Vagal Nucleus through the vagus nerve supplies: ______ of the GI tract. |
|
Definition
| The gut and its smooth muscle and secretory cells |
|
|
Term
| Myenteric plexi are found ______. |
|
Definition
| between longitudinal & circular muscle layers |
|
|
Term
| Submucosal plexi are found ______. |
|
Definition
| between circular and muscularis mucosa |
|
|
Term
| The intrinsic plexi of the GI contain ____ ganglia. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The intrinsic plexi of the GI contain cell ____ & cell ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ neurotransmitter is stimulatory of GI smooth muscle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ & _____ are inhibitory of GI SM. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Slow waves set the ______. |
|
Definition
| Basic Electrical Rhythm (BER) |
|
|
Term
| Rate of Slow waves is regular & inherent to _____ and its function and the state of _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stomach has a maximum of _____ slow waves. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Duodenum has a maximum of _____ slow waves. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Terminal ileum has a maximum of _____ slow waves. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pacemaker cells aka _______ of the GI tract are found in the _______. |
|
Definition
Interstitial cells of Cajal
enteric plexi |
|
|
Term
| Interstitial cells of Cajal initiate _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Interstitial cells of Cajal are Present in a network in the ____ and among smooth muscle cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Interstitial cells of Cajal Serve as pacemaker and responsible for _____ of slow waves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| slow waves are regular or irregular? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Contractions of the GI only occur when _______ are present. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Only when what does a slow wave result in an action/spiked potential? |
|
Definition
| When it crosses the electrical threshold |
|
|
Term
| Contraction strength and duration depend on ____ & ______. |
|
Definition
| duration of plateau and number of spike potentials |
|
|
Term
| _______ initiate depolarization |
|
Definition
| Voltage‐gated Ca++ channels |
|
|
Term
| Ca++ for induction of contraction comes from _______. |
|
Definition
| outside cell, endoplasmic reticulum and caveoli in membrane |
|
|
Term
| Contractions are _____ or _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phasic contractions are _____ & ______ types of contractions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Example of tonic contractors for GI? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Not all slow waves produced a ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stomach has Receptive relaxation in the _____ region |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stomach has contractions for mechanical _____, ______, & _______. |
|
Definition
| disruption, mixing and propulsion |
|
|
Term
| Gastric emptying applies to the _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Small intestine regional motility characteristics: _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Large intestine regional motility characteristics: _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Esophagus regional motility characteristics: _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Esophageal innervation is by the ______ nerve. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The upper 1/3 of the esophagus is _____ muscle and innervated (directly from vagus/from a ganglion from vagus in plexi). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Extrinsic control of the GI tract is through ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vagus nerve has two CNS origins: _____. |
|
Definition
Nucleus Ambiguus
Dorsal Motor Nucleus X |
|
|
Term
| Afferent signals from the GI tract run through the _____ CNS nucleus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stomach has Receptive relaxation in the _____ region |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stomach has contractions for mechanical _____, ______, & _______. |
|
Definition
| disruption, mixing and propulsion |
|
|
Term
| Gastric emptying applies to the _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Small intestine regional motility characteristics: _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Large intestine regional motility characteristics: _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Esophagus regional motility characteristics: _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Esophageal innervation is by the ______ nerve. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The upper 1/3 of the esophagus is _____ muscle and innervated (directly from vagus/from a ganglion from vagus in plexi). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Extrinsic control of the GI tract is through ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vagus nerve has two CNS origins: _____. |
|
Definition
Nucleus Ambiguus
Dorsal Motor Nucleus X |
|
|
Term
| Afferent signals from the GI tract run through the _____ CNS nucleus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nucleus Center for control of the striated muscles of pharynx, esophagus, & larynx for the vagus nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nucleus Center for control of the Smooth muscle and secretory cells of the GI tract for the Vagus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Upper esophageal sphincter (UES) striated or smooth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lower esophageal sphincter (LES) striated or smooth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Laryngeal striated or smooth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pharyngeal constrictors (upper, middle & lower) striated or smooth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Somatic branch of vagus from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| visceral branch of vagus from? |
|
Definition
| DMNX Dorsal Motor Nucleus X |
|
|
Term
| Enteric nervous system receives input from ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Swallowing is a purely _____ type of motility (______) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Primary peristalsis of swallowing Involves ____ mechanism, from ____ to ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Primary peristalsis voluntary/reflex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Primary peristalsis have been reflexive through the _____ receptors or centrally mediated. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Primary peristalsis depends on _____ output. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Primary peristalsis depends on vagal output (______ nervous system) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Primary peristalsis is coordinated by swallowing center in ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Secondary peristalsis, voluntary/involuntary? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Secondary peristalsis only involves _______ of the esophagus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Secondary peristalsis is initiated by ______ receptors |
|
Definition
| esophageal (as opposed to pharyngeal receptors in reflexive primary peristalsis) |
|
|
Term
| Secondary peristalsis reflexly mediated by ______ nervous system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Transit times Oral cavity: ___ second |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Transit times Esophagus: ____ sec for solids, ___ sec for fluid if upright |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Primary swallows coordinated by the ____ center in the medulla. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The LES is tonically contracted by ____ neurotransmitter, through the _____ branch of the vagus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In addition to ACh tone of the LES is also increased by ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| LES is dilated by ______ from ______ branch of vagus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increase in Acid reflux (GERD) with ____ position. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acid reflux (GERD) is related to Posture & position relative to the _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acid reflux (GERD) increases with with movement of LES into ____ (____ hernia) due to the decrease/increase in pressure. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| GERD also occurs with transitory opening or inadequate _____ of the LES |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oropharynx pressure is ______ & pressure ________ with swallow. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| UES below/within/above thorax? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| UES pressure ______, when relaxed. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Esophagus below/within/above thorax? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Esophageal pressure is ______ at rest. |
|
Definition
| Pressure < atmospheric at rest |
|
|
Term
| Esophageal pressure ______ under contractile wave. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| LES is in abdomen, resting P ___ atmospheric |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| LES Tonically contracted (P_A) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Orad stomach undergoes receptive relaxation there P ___ before swallow arrives. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ is failure of LES to relax |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Achalasia congenital/acquired? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Achalasia can result from absence of transmitters mediating ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Achalasia results in _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Achalasia blocks passage of ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Multiple simultaneous contractions in the esophagus is seen with _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____region of the stomach shows receptive relaxation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Entire stomach displays ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gastric Motility is mediated by ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ is responsible for stomach accommodation (expansion) in presence of food. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 3‐5 slow waves per minute |
|
|
Term
| Does the stomach display electrical activity in the orad region? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does the stomach contract in the orad region? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Electrical activity, force of contraction and velocity of wave
progression increase/decrease toward antrum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Wave passes over bolus in the _____ of the stomach. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Remainder forced backward in the stomach(_______). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased force of contraction of the stomach: _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Decreased force of contraction leading to ______ gastric emptying. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Decreased force of contraction of the stomach: _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Decreased contractile function in _____ resulting from impaired autonomic function (vagus), which leads to the condition ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Contract activity increases as you move ____ the stomach. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| FORCE _____ AS GASTRIC CONTRACTILE WAVE NEARS ANTRUM |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The control of gastric emptying has the purpose of matching: ______. |
|
Definition
Match HCl entry to bicarbonate secretion
Match fat entry to bile salt secretion
Match osmotic particle entry to water entry |
|
|
Term
| Receptors in ______ sense contents in order to regulate gastric emptying. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Secretin secretion increase, stimulates ______ secretion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ secretion stimulates gall bladder contraction, leading to an increase in secretion of _____ & ______. |
|
Definition
CCK
Bile Salts (Primarily) & Bicarbonate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CCK stimulates the secretion of _______. |
|
Definition
| Pancreatic Enzymes (Bicarbonate is one) |
|
|
Term
| CCK potentiates ______ secretion by pancreas. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Delays Gastric Emptying: _____ force of contraction of pylorus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Delays Gastric Emptying: _____ vagal output to stomach to ______ force of stomach contractions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Delays Gastric Emptying: _____ force of duodenal contraction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Delays Gastric Emptying: _____ Secretin secretion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Delays Gastric Emptying: _____ CCK secretion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ meal has the greatest effect for delaying gastric emptying. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ meal has delays gastric emptying, but not as much as a high fat meal. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Infusion of HCl into the duodenum causes an ______ in contractions for the duodenum and a _______ in contractions for the stomach. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased sympathetic activity has _____ effect on gastric emptying. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A _____ in PNS activity causes delayed gastric emptying. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fats detected by the duodenal chemoreceptors leads to an increase in secretion of ______ & ______ and therefore delayed gastric emptying. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fats detected by the duodenal chemoreceptors leads to an increase in secretion of ______ and therefore delayed gastric emptying. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hyper or Hypotonicity leads to a delay in gastric emptying. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gastroparesis results from _____ dysfunction. |
|
Definition
| Autonomic nervous system dysfunction |
|
|
Term
| Gastroparesis results from Autonomic nervous system dysfunction due to _____ disorder. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pyloric ______ impairs gastric emptying. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dumping syndrome results from an incompetent _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dumping syndrome is associated with ______. |
|
Definition
| Post surgery complication |
|
|
Term
| Dumping syndrome results in rapid emptying with _____ osmotic activity into intestine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In Dumping syndrome the high osmotic load pushed into the duodenum does what & therefore results in? |
|
Definition
| draws in water from the circulatory system leading to a decrease in MAP |
|
|
Term
| The decrease in MAP seen in Dumping Syndrome leads to ____ activation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Large shift of water out of circulatory system as seen in Dumping Syndrome can lead to ______ (_____) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gastroparesis results from ____ gastric emptying. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gastroparesis symptoms: _______. |
|
Definition
| Nausea/vomiting, early satiety (fullness) & weight loss |
|
|
Term
| Gastroparesis results in vomiting within ____ hours. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In Gastroparesis a significant volume of contents remaining ___ hours after ingestion. |
|
Definition
| 4 (usually 100% emptying in 2-3 hours) |
|
|
Term
| For Fun, causes of Gastroparesis: _____ |
|
Definition
– Ideopathic
– Diabetes Mellitus
– Autonomic dysfunction
– Rheumatoid diseases, Parkinsonism
– Viral infection, malignancies
– Pseudo‐obstruction |
|
|
Term
| Treatment for Gastroparesis is through the use of _____ drugs or ________. |
|
Definition
Prokinetic drugs
Electrical stimulators |
|
|
Term
| Vomiting has center control through _______ in area ______, an area in which the blood‐brain barrier is permeable and also the _____ center. |
|
Definition
Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone (CTZ)
postrema
Emetic Center |
|
|
Term
| The emetic center for vomiting coordinates _____ responses. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Emetic Center receives input from: _______. |
|
Definition
| CTZ, vestibular system, thalamus, hypothalamus, cortex, limbic system |
|
|
Term
| Vomiting can be caused by toxin in the ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vomiting can be caused by increases ____ pressure. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vomiting results in metabolic ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vomiting results in volume _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The resulting volume loss following vomiting leads to an increase in _______ reabsorption and increase in _____ excretion. |
|
Definition
Na+ Reabsorption
H+ excretion |
|
|
Term
| In the process of vomiting, _____ precedes retching. |
|
Definition
| Prodroma (nausea & sweating) |
|
|
Term
| _____ usually precedes vomiting. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Retching is rhythmic contraction against _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Retching causes forced _____ & ______ movements. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Retching causes the LES and Lower Esophagus to be ______. |
|
Definition
| pushed into the thorax (lower pressure will keep it open more) |
|
|
Term
| In Retching the gastric contents make it into the ______, but not into the ______. |
|
Definition
| esophagus, but not into the mouth |
|
|
Term
| With Vomiting, ______ pressure in both the abdomen and thorax. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With Vomiting the UES ______ and there is an increase in the force of _____ contractions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In vomiting _____ contents make it into the stomach and therefore result in _____ being in the vomit. |
|
Definition
intestinal (duodenal)
bile |
|
|
Term
| ______ contents make it into the mouth with vomiting. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intestinal BER is dependent/independent of the Stomach. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Contractions in the small intestine result in mixing, with minimal ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Contractions in the small intestines produce "______" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Contractions in the small intestines are reflexive responses to _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the small intestines Relaxation occurs proximally/distally and contractions proximally/distally. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ in the small intestines results with extreme stretching. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ileus also common after _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Contractions are not propagated far in the small intestines promoting ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| BER ______ as you move distally down the small intestines. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PNS actiivty through _____ neurotransmitter increases the ______, but does not ________. |
|
Definition
ACh
force of contraction
affect rate |
|
|
Term
| SNS activity is inhibitory of contractions in SI, and _____ & _____ are agonists for relaxation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ increase the contractile force of the SI. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Opioids increase contractile force and are used clinically to treat _____, because increased contractile force in ______ increases ______. |
|
Definition
diarrhea
sphincters
transit time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ACh doesn't affect BER, but it does ______ slow wave plateaus and cause an increase in the count of ______. |
|
Definition
lengthen
spiked potentials |
|
|
Term
| The increase in spiked potentials in the presence of ACh leads to an increase in the ____ & _____ of contractions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two types of Sprue: _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sprue from Celiac Disease is a result of ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sprue is caused by the loss of ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the LI contractions lead to the formation of ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Haustrations are anatomically composed by _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| LI contractions, weak/strong? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Contractions in the LI promote ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Contractions in the LI promote mixing, for the absorption of: ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In Mass movements of the LI, segmental contractions _____, and haustra _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mass movements of the LI are ____ type of motility. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hirschsprung’s Disease is acquired/congenital lack of ______ and _______ in the ________. |
|
Definition
| Ganglion and Interstitial cells of Cajal in plexi in colon |
|
|
Term
| Hirschsprung’s Disease affects _________, inhibiting _______. |
|
Definition
| internal anal sphincter inhibiting relaxation |
|
|
Term
| Hirschsprung’s Disease results in _______ & _______. |
|
Definition
| megacolon and constipation |
|
|
Term
| Irritable bowel syndrome results from ________ or ________. |
|
Definition
| Altered neural activity or excess plasma levels of agonists affecting contractility |
|
|
Term
| Three causes of LI blockage: _______. |
|
Definition
Volvulus: twisting of bowels
Intussception: section of bowel slides into the next
ileus |
|
|
Term
| Two types of inflammation of the bowels: ______ |
|
Definition
– Ulcerative colitis
– Crohn’s disease |
|
|
Term
| ______ concentration mirrors activity of the Migrating Motor Complex (MMC) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ileocecal junction, Sphincter pressure ______ with ileal distension. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ileocecal junction, Sphincter pressure ______ with colonic distension. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ileocecal junction, Sphincter pressure ______ with gastroiliac reflex that occurs with eating |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rectosphincteric reflex, results from an _______. |
|
Definition
| increase in rectum pressure |
|
|
Term
| The afferent signal for the Rectosphincteric reflex, is ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rectosphincteric reflex results in _______. |
|
Definition
| the internal sphincter relaxing |
|
|
Term
| Rectosphincteric reflex is _____ mediated relaxation or external sphincter (training) |
|
Definition
| Centrally mediated (spinal nerves) |
|
|
Term
| Multiple loose, low volume stools termed _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Osmotic Diarrhea results from Osmotic water movement with _______ particles. |
|
Definition
| non‐absorbed particles (malabsorption) |
|
|
Term
| Secretory Diarrhea results from _______. |
|
Definition
| Over‐secretion of water (activation of CFTR chloride channels) |
|
|
Term
| Infectious Diarrhea results from ______. |
|
Definition
| Damage to mucosa depends on whether inflammatory or non‐inflammatory |
|
|
Term
| Altered motility Diarrhea results from ______. |
|
Definition
| Rapid transit time decreases water and nutrient absorption leading to increased volume of stool |
|
|
Term
| Rectosphincteric reflex, results from an _______. |
|
Definition
| increase in rectum pressure |
|
|
Term
| The afferent signal for the Rectosphincteric reflex, is ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rectosphincteric reflex results in _______. |
|
Definition
| the internal sphincter relaxing |
|
|
Term
| Rectosphincteric reflex is _____ mediated relaxation or external sphincter (training) |
|
Definition
| Centrally mediated (spinal nerves) |
|
|
Term
| Multiple loose, low volume stools termed _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Osmotic Diarrhea results from Osmotic water movement with _______ particles. |
|
Definition
| non‐absorbed particles (malabsorption) |
|
|
Term
| Secretory Diarrhea results from _______. |
|
Definition
| Over‐secretion of water (activation of CFTR chloride channels) |
|
|
Term
| Infectious Diarrhea results from ______. |
|
Definition
| Damage to mucosa depends on whether inflammatory or non‐inflammatory |
|
|
Term
| Altered motility Diarrhea results from ______. |
|
Definition
| Rapid transit time decreases water and nutrient absorption leading to increased volume of stool |
|
|
Term
| Rectosphincteric reflex, results from an _______. |
|
Definition
| increase in rectum pressure |
|
|
Term
| The afferent signal for the Rectosphincteric reflex, is ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rectosphincteric reflex results in _______. |
|
Definition
| the internal sphincter relaxing |
|
|
Term
| Rectosphincteric reflex is _____ mediated relaxation or external sphincter (training) |
|
Definition
| Centrally mediated (spinal nerves) |
|
|
Term
| Multiple loose, low volume stools termed _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Osmotic Diarrhea results from Osmotic water movement with _______ particles. |
|
Definition
| non‐absorbed particles (malabsorption) |
|
|
Term
| Secretory Diarrhea results from _______. |
|
Definition
| Over‐secretion of water (activation of CFTR chloride channels) |
|
|
Term
| Infectious Diarrhea results from ______. |
|
Definition
| Damage to mucosa depends on whether inflammatory or non‐inflammatory |
|
|
Term
| Altered motility Diarrhea results from ______. |
|
Definition
| Rapid transit time decreases water and nutrient absorption leading to increased volume of stool |
|
|
Term
| ______ gland is common site of bacterial infections. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Submandibular gland is common site of _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ gland secretes most during rest. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Submandibular gland's secretion watery or mucousy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ gland secretes more during meals than at rest. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Digestion secretions of Saliva: ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Salivary secretions, high in H+/HCO3-? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Salivary secretions that convey immune protection: _______. |
|
Definition
IgA (immunoglobins)
Lysozymes
Lactoferrin
Lactoperoxidase |
|
|
Term
| Salivary secretions contain vaso- dilator/constrictors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For mucosal growth and protection, salivary secretions contain: _______. |
|
Definition
| Growth Factors, EGF (Epidermal Growth Factor) |
|
|
Term
| Submandibular gland secretion, serous/mucous? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parotid gland secretion, serous/mucous? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The acinar cells of the submandibular gland are composed of: _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The acinar cells of the parotid gland are composed of: _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| acinar cells produce: _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ & ____ duct cells modify the ionic composition of the secretions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Regulation of volume of salivary secretions is ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Volume of salivary secretions varies with _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are there inhibitors for Volume of salivary secretions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Efferent from the CNS for salivary volume are affected by ______ input and ________. |
|
Definition
| sensory input and emotions |
|
|
Term
| For the salivary glands ACh acts through the phosphoinositol system to ________. |
|
Definition
| Increase intracellular Ca2+ |
|
|
Term
| For the salivary glands VIP, Substance P, & alpha andrenergic do what? |
|
Definition
| Increase intracellular Ca2+ |
|
|
Term
| _NS is primary factor in control of salivary secretions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ alters the Na+ content of saliva in order to (decrease/increase) it |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ is congenital absence of salivation, which produces dry mouth. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In Xerostomia from due to the lack of saliva, _____ results. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sjogren's Syndrome, is a _____ disease, that results in _____ & _____ of glands leading to _______. |
|
Definition
Autoimmune disease
fibrosis & atrophy
decreased salivation |
|
|
Term
| "Dry Mouth" occurs secondary to the use of _____ drugs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ____ is the basic unit of the submandibular gland conisiting of acinus and its ducts. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acinar primary secretion is _______tonic. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ductal cells modify the primary secretion to create a ____tonic secretion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ductal cells modify the primary secretion to create a Hypotonic secretion, that is high in: ________ & low in: _______. |
|
Definition
High in K+ & HCO3-
Low in Na+ & Cl- |
|
|
Term
| Salivary acinus cells contain a (apical/basolateral) ___ channel activated by Ca2+. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Cl- released by the Ca2+ activated Cl- channel in salivary acinus cells creates an electrochemical gradient for _______ and also a _______ gradient for ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the duct of salivary cells, _______ is reabsorbed, ______ is secreted, and _____ is poorly permeable. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Flow rate alters ______ of saliva. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Only at _____ flow rates does saliva become nearly isotonic. |
|
Definition
| high (typically is hypotonic) |
|
|
Term
| At high flow rates for saliva, _____ secretion is high relative to plasma, because its secretion is selectively stimulated when saliva secretion is stimulated. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Saliva has the highest [_] of all GI secretions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hypotonic saliva aids the detection of salt |
|
|
Term
Primary Saliva Secretion:
tonic composition
Na+,Cl-,K+,HCO3- |
|
Definition
| All isotonic, plasma like |
|
|
Term
Secondary Saliva Secretion:
what is absorbed/secreted
Na+,Cl-,K+,HCO3- |
|
Definition
Na+/Cl- Reabsorbed
K+/HCO3- Secreted |
|
|
Term
Final tonic composition of saliva:
Na+,Cl-,K+,HCO3- |
|
Definition
Na+/Cl- hypotonic
K+/HCO3- hypertonic
Overall comp. hypotonic |
|
|
Term
| Saliva secretion is regulated almost entirely by _______, and not by _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PNS (Inhibit/Stimulate) secretion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| SNS (Inhibit/Stimulate) secretion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| SNS stimulation results in (watery/thicker) saliva? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PNS stimulation results in (watery/thicker) saliva? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cardia glands common cell types: ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pyloric glands common cell types: _______ |
|
Definition
mucous cells
G cells (Numerous) |
|
|
Term
| Fundic glands common cell types: _______ |
|
Definition
Parietal (oxyntic) cells
peptic chief cells
mucous neck cells
enteroendocrine cells: G Cells (few) & D Cells |
|
|
Term
| Fundic glands are located: _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chief Cells secrete: ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pepsinogen is activated by ______ to form ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protease for protein digestion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parietal Cells aka ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parietal Cells secrete _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| HCl secretion by parietal cells is enhanced by ______ via ____ receptors. |
|
Definition
| histamine via H2 receptors |
|
|
Term
| _____ blocks H2 histamine receptors and therefore inhibits ______ secretion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intrinsic factor does what? |
|
Definition
| binds to allows for the absorption of B12 in the intestines |
|
|
Term
| G Cells secrete: _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gastrin promotes the secretion of _______ (by ____ cells) & ______ (by _____ cells). |
|
Definition
pepsinogen by chief cells
HCl by parietal cells |
|
|
Term
| Gastrin promotes ______ to mix contents. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gastrin activates the _____ reflex, which _______. |
|
Definition
| gastroileal reflex, which moves chyme from the ileum to the colon |
|
|
Term
| D-Cells secrete: _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ECL (enterochromaffin-like) secrete: _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Histamine secretion by ECL (enterochromaffin-like) is stimulated by ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ type of proton pump that the stomach uses. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the stomach, H+ is actively pumped into ______, and _____ & _______ subsequently flows into as well, with ______'s gradient providing the energy for the cotransport. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ through the enzyme ______, provides the H+ for the H+-K+ ATPase of the stomach. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After the H+ is donated from H2CO3 to H+-K+ ATPase, the leftover HCO3- is subsequently _______. |
|
Definition
| Transported into the blood |
|
|
Term
| The transporter used in the stomach to transport the HC03- to the blood is ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The amount of HCl secreted into the stomach lumen is balanced by ______. |
|
Definition
| the same amount of HCO3- secreted in the blood |
|
|
Term
| Flow rates alter the ________ of gastric juice. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gastric Secretions consist of two components: parietal cell secretions rich in: _______ & non-parietal cell secretions rich in: _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Prolonged vomiting can cause ________ and metabolic _______ due to the loss of _______. |
|
Definition
hypochloremic
metabolic alkalosis
HC |
|
|
Term
| After eating a meal, the venous blood leaving the stomach is more _______, resulting in a _______. |
|
Definition
alkaline (from HCO3-)
postprandial alkaline tide |
|
|
Term
| The postprandial alkaline tide lasts until the plasma HCO3- is _______. |
|
Definition
| Secreted by the pancreas to neutralize the H+ in the SI |
|
|
Term
| ________, such as _______ or a ________ abolish the postprandial alkaline tide. |
|
Definition
H2 receptor antagonists (omeprazole0
Vagotomy |
|
|
Term
| Gastric Mucosal Barrier traps ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ ingestion is the most important risk factor for peptic ulcer bleeding. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Alkali secretion in the stomach for the mucosal barrier is stimulated by ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Regulatory hormone for the HCO3- rich pancreatic secretions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Regulatory hormone for the digestive enzyme rich pancreatic secretions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pancreatic secretions enter the duodenum through the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___________ can be associated with ductal occlusion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acinar cells of the pancreas secrete ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Centroacinar cells of the pancreas secrete ______. |
|
Definition
| primary aqueous secretion |
|
|
Term
| Ductal cells of the pancreas do what? |
|
Definition
| Modify the primary aqueous secretion |
|
|
Term
| In cystic fibrosis with defective ______, mucous is thick and plugs the ducts of the pancreas. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ & _____ are secreted into the lumen of pancreatic ductal cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cl- is secreted by pancreatic ductal cells into the lumen by _____ channel. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Digestive enzymes are secreted by the acinar or ductal cells in the pancreas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Flow rate alters the ______ of pancreatic juices. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At low flow rates for the pancreas, the primary secretions is ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As flow rates increase in the pancreas, _______ secretion increases and _______ secretion falls. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In pediatrics prolonged diarrhea is the most commoon cause of metabolic acidosis, because of the loss of ______ through the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The CFTR channel in the pancreas, secretes Cl- into the lumen, which subsequently promotes the movement of _____ & _____ into the lumen, which allows for the production of ______ mucous. |
|
Definition
Na+ & H2O (Paracellularly)
watery free flowing mucous |
|
|
Term
| CFTR is ____ regulated and belongs to the ABC transported family. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Under normal conditions pancreatic secretions tonicity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gastric Secretions tonicity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Saliva is high in: _____ ions & low in: ions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gastric secretions are high in ____ ions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pancreatic secretions are high in ____ ions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Factors that increase pancreatic secretions: _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Secretin increases ______ pancreatic secretion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CCK increases ______ pancreatic secretion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PNS increases ______ pancreatic secretion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 factors that increase HCl secretion: _______. |
|
Definition
ACh (PNS)
Histamine
Gastrin |
|
|
Term
| SNS only increases ______ secretions and not ________ & ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ghrelin stimulates ______ & ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ghrelin stimulates ______ & ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gastric secretion has two phases: ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Resting Phase of Gastric secretion has _____ secretion rates. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Resting Phase of Gastric secretion aka _____ state. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Three active (stimulated) phases of Gastric secretion: __________. |
|
Definition
Cephalic
Gastric
Intestinal |
|
|
Term
| Gastric phase of secretion is stimulated by: _______. |
|
Definition
Food in the stomach (amino acids)
Distension |
|
|
Term
| Intestinal phase of secretion is stimulated by: _______. |
|
Definition
| Food in the intestines (amino acids) |
|
|
Term
| Cephalic phase of secretion is stimulated by: _______. |
|
Definition
| idea, sight, odor, taste, hypoglycemia |
|
|
Term
| Body of the Stomach secretes: ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Antrum of the Stomach secretes: ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| HCl is secreted from parietal cells in the ______ of the stomach. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In addition to HCl, ______ is also secreted by the parietal cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ & ______ are secreted throughout the stomach. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gastrin is secreted where in the stomach? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As flow rates increase in the stomach, ____ & ____ secretion increases and _____ secretion falls, while there is little change in _____ secretion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The overall effect of the increase in gastric secretions is a ____ in pH offsetting the buffering of the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At rest, the pH in the stomach is low/high. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At rest, the pH of the stomach is _____ and HCl secretion is _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When food is present in the stomach the H+ is ________ and the pH is ______, thus _______ HCl secretion. |
|
Definition
| buffered by the food and the pH rises and thus increases HCl secretion by removing the low pH inhibition. |
|
|
Term
| What factors directly stimulate the parietal cell: ________. |
|
Definition
Vagus
Gastrin
Histamine
Ghrelin |
|
|
Term
| The vagus nerve through ____ provides direct stimulation to parietal cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With Vagus nerve, GRP stimulates ______ cells to secrete ______. |
|
Definition
| G‐cell to secrete gastrin |
|
|
Term
| In addition to directly stimulating parietal cells, ACh released by Vagus nerve, also stimulates _____ cells to secrete _____ & inhibits _____ cells from secreting _______. |
|
Definition
ECL cells to secrete Histamine
Inhibit D-Cell secretion of Somatostatin (Inhibitor of Parietal Cells) |
|
|
Term
| Gastrin directly stimulates ____ cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gastrin stimulates _____ cells to secrete _______ in addition to stimulating Parietal Cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Histamine directly stimulates ____ cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ghrelin directly stimulates ____ cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Somatostatin is secreted when? |
|
Definition
| When the gastric pH is less than 3 |
|
|
Term
| Somatostatin inhibits: _______ |
|
Definition
| parietal cell & gastrin secretion (g‐cell) |
|
|
Term
| Somatostatin stimulates ______ g‐proteins, leading to a ___ in [cAMP] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Secretin is secreted when? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Secretin inhibits ___ & _____. |
|
Definition
| parietal cell & gastrin secretion (g‐cell) |
|
|
Term
| Secretin stimulates ______ secretion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CCK & GIP are secreted when? |
|
Definition
| secreted with high duodenal fat |
|
|
Term
| CCK & GIP inhibit ______ & ______. |
|
Definition
| parietal cell & gastrin secretion (g‐cell) |
|
|
Term
| Prostaglandins (PGE2) inhibit ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Prostaglandins (PGE2) stimulate _______ g proteins and lead to a ___ in [cAMP] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There are two seperate branches of the vagus nerve that use two different neurotransmitters for gastric secretions: ______ & ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| GRP from the vagus nerver does what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ACh inhibits ______ secreting _____ cells. |
|
Definition
| inhibits somatostatin secreting D-Cells |
|
|
Term
| somatostatin effect on G- Cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increase in H+ (decrease in pH) effect on D- Cells (somatostatin secreting)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vagus nerve results in the excitation of Parietal by the combined effects of ______. |
|
Definition
| Direct stimulation from ACh and indirect through GRP increasing gastrin secretions which stimulate parietal cells |
|
|
Term
| High luminal [H+] inhibits/stimulates somatostatin secretion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gastrin, Histamine, and ACh all increase _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ stimulator for HCl secretion uses a stimulatory G protein path. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All Cephalic Parts of HCl secretion come from _____ stimulation. |
|
Definition
Vagal:
Vagal stimulation of parietal cell
Vagal stimulation of gastrin secretion
Vagal stimulation of histamine secretion |
|
|
Term
| _____ phase is centrally mediated via the vagus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For Cephalic Phase, Vagus stimulates: _______ cells. |
|
Definition
| parietal cells, G‐cells and ECL cells |
|
|
Term
| The vagus nerve is activated by: ______ for the cephalic phase. |
|
Definition
Stimuli:
– Thought
– Sight
– Odor
– Taste
– Hypoglycemia
– Ghrelin & other orexigenic (hunger) pathwa |
|
|
Term
| Gastrin released by vagal stimulation in the cephalic phase stimulates in turn _____ & _____ cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In addition to central activation, during the Gastric Phase there is also ______ activation of vagus mediated by ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the Gastric Phase, _______ digested in the chyme stimulate _______ cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Alcohol in the Gastric Phase stimulates _______ production. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the gastric phase the Vagus stimulates: _______ cells |
|
Definition
| G‐cells, parietal cells & ECL |
|
|
Term
| The Local ENS reflex to distension in the gastric phase uses: ______ neurotramsitters. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Vagovagal reflex to distension in the gastric phase uses: ______ neurotramsitters. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| GRP stimulates _____ cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Only with a ______ is there a real difference in basal or stimulated acid output. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In patients with a gastrinoma (Zollinger- Ellison Syndrome), Ca++ infusions lead to a large increase in _______(from ______) resulting in greater _____ secretion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In patients with a gastrinoma (Zollinger- Ellison Syndrome). Infusion of secretin normally
______ HCl secretion, but ______ it in patients with a gastrinoma. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inflammation in the antral region ______ acid secretion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inflammation in the antral region, ______ G-Cells, ______ D-Cells, _______ Gastrin, which _______. |
|
Definition
Stimulates
Inhibits
Increases
Stimulates Parietal & ECL |
|
|
Term
| Inflammation in the body of the stomach directly inhibits ________ cells resulting in a _____ in acid secretion. |
|
Definition
parietal and ECF cells
decrease |
|
|
Term
| Gastric mucosa can become colonized with _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Helicobacter Pylori damaging mechanism: ______. |
|
Definition
| Takes in Urea, converts it to ammonia, pumps out the ammonia, which combines with H+ to make NH4+ which causes the actual damage to the stomach lining |
|
|
Term
| What enzyme does Helicobacter Pylori use to convert the taken in urea into CO2 + 2NH3 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gastric Ulcers can be treated with prostaglandins, because they ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dumping Syndrome results from Rapid emptying of a ______ solution. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dumping Syndrome results from Rapid emptying of hypertonic solution due to _________ |
|
Definition
| incompetent pyloric sphincter |
|
|
Term
| Dumping syndrome results in rapid movement of ______. |
|
Definition
| Rapid movement of water from plasma to GI tract |
|
|
Term
| Dumping syndrome results in _____volemia inducing a _NS response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gastroesophageal reflux disease due to incompetent _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Major stimulation of chief cells in cephalic and gastric phases is by _______, and also stimulated by ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ triggers a local reflex stimulation of the chief cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chief Cells secrete ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Secretin may contribute to stimulation of chief cells during the _____ phase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ is secreted from pancreatic duct cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ is secreted from acinar cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The secretion of bicarbonate from the ductal cells of the pancreas matches ______. |
|
Definition
| titratable acid secretion from stomach |
|
|
Term
| Enzymes from acinar cells of the pancreas: _______. |
|
Definition
Amylase
Lipase with equimolar amount of co-lipase
Endopeptidases
Exopeptidases: |
|
|
Term
| ACh stimulates (aqueous/enzyme) fractions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ACh mediates _____ phase secretion for the pancreatic secretions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vagal-vagal reflex to _____ & ______ for pancreatic secretions. |
|
Definition
| gastric stretch & duodenal receptors |
|
|
Term
| _______ are used in the activation of intestinal receptors for pancreatic secretions in the intestinal phase. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two hormones used in the intestinal phase to stimulate pancreatic secretions: _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Secretin: primary stimulator of _____ pancreatic secretion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CCK: primary stimulator of _____ pancreatic secretion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pancreatic secretions has _____ phases. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During rest the majority of pancreatic secretions come from ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Secretin: primary stimulator of _____ pancreatic secretion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CCK: primary stimulator of _____ pancreatic secretion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pancreatic secretions has _____ phases. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During rest the majority of pancreatic secretions come from ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During the _____ phases, increased vagal output stimulates M3 muscarinic receptors on the _____ cells of the pancreas to increase secretion, mostly ________ secretions. |
|
Definition
cephalic/gastric
acinar
enzymes |
|
|
Term
| Vagal output stimulates a small amount _____ secretion by the _____ of the pancreas. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During the intestinal phase, pancreatic stimulation is mostly ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
During the intestinal phase, stimulation is mostly hormonal with
______ stimulating bicarbonare secretion from the ducts and ______ stimulating enzyme secretion from the acinar cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are M3 receptors located in the pancreas? |
|
Definition
| On both the acinar cells and the duct cells |
|
|
Term
| Gastrin stimulates secretion by _____ cells of the pancreas. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Vagal efferents for secretions come from the ____ nucleus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During the intestinal phase, _____ is the primary stimulating hormone. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pancreatic bicarbonate secretion is stimulated by the hormone _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Secretin‐secreting cells are in
the duodenum and are stimulated by ______ in the duodenum. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ stimulates I cells in the duodoenum to secrete CCK in the intestinal phase. |
|
Definition
| Protein and Lipid Breakdown |
|
|
Term
| Number one cause of Pancreatitis is _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In Pancreatitis Plasma ______ & ______ levels are elevated. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Autodigestion causing Pancreatitis may be due to the absence of _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Abdominal pain radiates where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Enzyme deficiency from the pancreas can lead to ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Malabsorption from a deficiency in pancreatic enzymes can result in ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In order to have an an enzyme deficiency of the pancreas lead to malabsorption, Must lose 90% of _______, and also lose 97% of _______. |
|
Definition
proteases & lipases
amylase |
|
|
Term
| Cystic Fibrosis has what effect on pancreatic cells? |
|
Definition
| Blocks the ducts, through the dysfunction of the CFTR Cl- channel leading to the inability to secrete bicarbonate |
|
|
Term
| Both the Digestive/Absorption branches posses a functional ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Absorption is the _______. |
|
Definition
| movement of nutrients through the epithelial cells |
|
|
Term
| _______ type of digestive enzymes are not necessary for complete digestion. |
|
Definition
| Saliva and Gastric Lumenal |
|
|
Term
| All luminal digestion can be accomplished by ______ enzymes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All membrane or contact digestion occurs __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pancreatic enzyme secretions exhibit, _______, in which they change comp in response to long term diet changes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Absorption occurs at ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ within the intestine allows for local control of blood flow. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ are absorbed through the blood. |
|
Definition
| hydrophilic nutrients, ions, & H20 |
|
|
Term
| ______ are absorbed through Lymph Lacteals. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 Steps in the Digestion of Carbohydrates: ________. |
|
Definition
Luminal Digestion of Poly
Membrane Digestion of Disaccharieds & Oliogo
Absorption of mono by enterocytes |
|
|
Term
| Polysaccharides that are digestible have _____ bonds. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cleaves the alpha 1-4 of Polysaccharides? |
|
Definition
| salivary and pancreatic alpha amylase |
|
|
Term
| Alpha Amylase breaks Polysaccharides down into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Membrane digestive enzymes digest carbohydrates to _________. |
|
Definition
| monosaccharides (Fru/Glc) |
|
|
Term
| Lactose Intolerance is due to absence of _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Breath ____ for lactose intolerance test. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cellulose has ____ bonds. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cellulose is a form of ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Only ____ carbs are transported at the brush border. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glc and Gal are absorbed through the _____ transporter. |
|
Definition
SGLT 1
2Na+ co transported with 1 Gal/Glc |
|
|
Term
| Fru is absorbed using a _____ transporter. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glu/Glc/Fru are transported into the bld stream by _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Three end products of carb digestion: ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ &_____ of the SI have the highest capacity to absorb mono carbs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______% of carbs pass undigested to LI. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| GLUT5 is a specific _____ transporter. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Protein in feces is of _____ origin typically. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ peptides are absorbed. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After the AA/Di/Tripeptides are absorbed across the brush border, what happens? |
|
Definition
| The Di/Tripeptides are digested down into AA |
|
|
Term
| Endopeptidases hydrolyze? |
|
Definition
| Interior peptide bonds of proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Terminal AAs off proteins |
|
|
Term
| ______ is the trigger enzyme for protelytic digestion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ converts trypsinogen to trypsin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pancreatic proenzymes are activated by _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pepsinogen is converted to pepsin by ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is Enterokinase found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Absence of trypsin alone makes it appear as if _______. |
|
Definition
| Alll the pancreatic enzymes are missing |
|
|
Term
| All but ______ are luminal pancreatic protelytic enzymes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Enterokinase (enteropeptidase) deficiency presents in neonates with diarrhea, failure to thrive, edema, & ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diagnosis of Enterokinase (enteropeptidase) is confirmed by low _____ activity in duodenal fluid and activity returning after the addition of ______. Lipase and Amylase levels are ______. |
|
Definition
Trypsin
Enterokinase
within in normal ranges |
|
|
Term
| Pancreatitis is the inflammation and _____ of the pancreas. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In Acute Pancreatitis, ______ & _____ enzymes are colocalized, resulting in _______. |
|
Definition
Digestive enzymes and lysosomal hydrolases
the activation of the digestive enzymes |
|
|
Term
| Absorption of AA is dependent on _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Luminal Na+-AA transporters can be ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ transporters transport oligosaccharides. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Apical H+/ATPase PepT1 also transports _____ in addition to oligosaccharides. |
|
Definition
| dipepetide like antibiotics |
|
|
Term
| Peptides exit basolaterally as ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is basolateral transport for AA Na+ dependent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What has an kinetic advantage, H+/ATPase (PepT1) or Na+-AA Co transporter? |
|
Definition
H+/ATPase (PepT1)
much faster |
|
|
Term
| Are dipeptides or AA transported faster? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hartnup Disease is a _______ disorder. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hartnup Disease is a metabolic disorder, affecting ________. |
|
Definition
| absorption of non polar amino acids |
|
|
Term
| _______ is the most common metabolic disorder involving aa. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hartnup disease is treated by ______. |
|
Definition
| Modifying diet to include dipeptides of deficient aa |
|
|
Term
| Can intact proteins be absorbed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The absorption of intact proteins is important in _______, for their absorption of _______ and therefore the acquirance of ________. |
|
Definition
Nenonates
Immnuglobins
Passive Immunity |
|
|
Term
| In adults _______ cells transport intact proteins, allowing for the sampling of _____ and transport of _______. |
|
Definition
M cells
Antigens
pathological toxins |
|
|
Term
| Where do digested proteins come from: ______. |
|
Definition
50% diet
25% in digestive juices
25% desquamated mucosal cells |
|
|
Term
| Peptides are absorbed as: ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Absorption of AA/Di/Tripeptides is ______ transport. |
|
Definition
| secondary active transport |
|
|
Term
| ______ absorption takes place in duodenum and jejunum. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to protein reaching the colon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Steps in lipid digestion: ______. |
|
Definition
Emulsification
Micelle formation
Enzymatic Hydrolysis (TG -> MG + 2FFA) |
|
|
Term
| Where does emulsification occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Purpose of emulsification? |
|
Definition
| Increases SA for digestion |
|
|
Term
| In the stomach antral ______ & _____ rate of gastric emptying aid in emulsification. |
|
Definition
antral peristalsis
slow gastric emptying |
|
|
Term
| _____ lipases are found in the stomach, accounting for _____% digestion of lipids. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are micelles formed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the duodenum, emulsifiers and ______ produce micelles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the preduodenal lipases (acidic lipases)? |
|
Definition
ones that act in the stomach:
lingual and gastric |
|
|
Term
| Orlistat (xenical) a drug for obesity, works by inhibiting ______, thereby reducing _______. |
|
Definition
pancreatic lipase
breakdown of lipids and their subsequent absorption |
|
|
Term
| TAG are broken down by: ______ enzymes. |
|
Definition
| Lingual, Gastric, and Pancreatic Lipases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Alkaline Lipases: _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For optimum activity pancreatic lipase requires _____ & ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ lipase is secreted in its active form. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Optimum Pancreatic Lipase pH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pancreatic Lipase is ______ soluble and only effective at the _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Colipase is secreted from he pancreas as ______, its ______ form. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Colipase is required by Pancreatic Lipase for the _______. |
|
Definition
| binding of pancreatic lipase to the micelle lipid water interface |
|
|
Term
| Procolipase is activated into colipase by _______ in the duodenum. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cholesterol Hydrolase is secreted in ____ form. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phospholipase A2 is secreted in ____ form. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ chain FA are substitutable fats for patients with fat malabsorption. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Medium chain FA are substitutable fats for patients with fat malabsorption, because they can be absorbed in the absesnce of _____ & ______. |
|
Definition
| Pancreatic Lipases and Bile Salts |
|
|
Term
| For the absorption of lipids there is a ________ layer. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Acidic unstirred layer is generated by a ______ transporter. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The acidic unstirred layer facilitates the transportation of _____ FAs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After the FA and MG are absorbed into the cell, they are repacked with proteins and cholesterol into ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chylomicrons are absorbed into ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Majority of H20 absorbed in the _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cells at the tip of villi are specialized for ______. |
|
Definition
| absorption of H2O and Electrolytes |
|
|
Term
| _______ cells are specialized for the secretion of H2O and Electrolytes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Absorption of H2O is absolutely dependent on the _______. |
|
Definition
| Absorption of solutes, particularly Na+ |
|
|
Term
| Na+ is absorbed by _______. |
|
Definition
| Cotransport with AA and Glc |
|
|
Term
| Water permability ______ from proximal to distal SI to Colon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tight junctions are more ______ in the SI than in the Colon. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| AQPs are found in the _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Following meals, Na+ transport is accomplished by ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Following meals, Na+ transport is accomplished by Cotransport with solutes, which then causes _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Between Meals Na+ is absorbed as ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which Na+ absorption mechanism is electrogenic & which is electroneutral? |
|
Definition
Electrogenic- Post meals
Neutral- Between Meals |
|
|
Term
| The colon has electroneutral or genic transport of Na+? |
|
Definition
| Genic, absorbs Na+ by itself |
|
|
Term
| Aldsoterones effect on the colon? |
|
Definition
| Increases Na+ & H2O absorption a increases K+ secretion |
|
|
Term
| Vasopresin (ADH) enhances _____ of the kidney. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ drives H2O secretion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cl- is accumulated by the basolateral _____ transporter. |
|
Definition
| Na+,K+,2Cl- cotransporter |
|
|
Term
| Apical electro______ secretion of Cl- contributes to ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The lumen negativity created by the apical Cl- transport favors _____cellular efflux of _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ & _____ are luminal Cl- transporters. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ is the major site of regulation of K+ secretion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Since the colon secretes K+, prolonged loss of fluid can cause ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Colonic ______ secretion neutralizes bacterial fermentation products. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diarrhea can lead to metabolic _____, because of excessive loss of _____ from the colon. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Osmotic diarrhea is caused by ingestion of a ______ substance. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Osmotic diarrhea results from _______ syndromes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Secretory Diarrhea is caused by ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Excessive secretion of Cl- by CFTR is caused by _______. |
|
Definition
| Cholera Toxin or Activation of cAMP |
|
|
Term
| ______ increase cAMP which increase CFTR activity leading to Secretory Diarrhea. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sign of Infectous/Inflammatory Diarrhea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CF causes decreased/increased CFTR activity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CF leads to diarrhea/constipation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For uptake iron must be in _____ form. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ & ______ enhance Fe3+ (dietary iron) solubility. |
|
Definition
| gastric acidity and vitamin c |
|
|
Term
| ______ block Fe2+ absorption. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Total iron binding capacity (TIBC) measures _____ in the blood. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ is a primarily intracellular protein that stores iron. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The serum Ferritin lvl is directly proportional to ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ vitamins don't dissolve in the water or urine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fat-Soluble vitamins are stored in _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fat-Soluble vitamins do/don't form classical coenzyme structures. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ vitamins are excreted in the urine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each ______ soluble vitamin has its own unique intestinal membrane transporter. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vitamin E function main _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vitamin E protects membrane _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All fat soluble vitamins are absorbed along the _____ pathway. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Deficieny of Vitamin E results in _____ & _______. |
|
Definition
| Hemolytic Anemia & Peripheral Neuropathy |
|
|
Term
| Peripheral Neuropathy resulting from a Deficieny of Vitamin E is _______. |
|
Definition
| decreased conduction velocity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Deficiency of Vitamin A results in _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ & _____ need vitamin A to function properly. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vitamin D functions in _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Deficiency of Vitamin D results in: _____. |
|
Definition
Rickets (children)
Osteomalacia (adult rickets)
Osteoporsis |
|
|
Term
| Rickets is the ______ of bones. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| People who live north of ____ parallel are at higher risk for Vitamin D deficiency. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ and _____ organs are involved in the conversion of vitamin D precursors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There are two pathways for _____ absorption: Vitamin D dependent/independent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vitamin-D-Independent Ca2+ absorption occurs trans/paracellularly? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vitamin-D-Independent Ca2+ absorption occurs primarily in the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vitamin-D-Dependent Ca2+ absorption occurs trans/paracellularly? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vitamin-D-Dependent Ca2+ absorption stimulates the synthesis of _______, ______, & _____. |
|
Definition
| Ca2+ channels, Ca2+-H+ Channels, & Na+-Ca2+ exchange |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin-D-Dependent Ca2+ absorption induces the formation of the carrier ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vitamin-D-Dependent Ca2+ absorption occurs only in the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vitamin K functions as an essential cofactor for the ________. |
|
Definition
| Carboxylation of Glutamic Acid residues |
|
|
Term
| Carboxylated Glutamate residues formed from Vit K reactions, assist Ca2+ binding required for the formation of ______. |
|
Definition
| blood clotting protein complexes |
|
|
Term
| In addition to plants and animals, _____ are sources of Vit. K |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Deficiency of Vit K leads to _____ disease. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ acts an anticoagulant by blocking the Vit K cycle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vitamin B is important for the synthesis of _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thiamin (Vitamin B-1) is involved in the ________. |
|
Definition
| Metabolism of energy molecules, such as Glc |
|
|
Term
| Thiamin (Vitamin B-1) is found where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At low [Thiamin (Vitamin B-1)] its absorption is ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thiamin (Vitamin B-1) deficiency results in ______. |
|
Definition
| Beriberi (Difficult Walking), loss of sensation in hands/feet, lower limb paralysis, mental confusion |
|
|
Term
| Niacin (Vitamin B-3) is part of _______. |
|
Definition
| two coenzymes: NAD & NADP |
|
|
Term
| Niacin (Vitamin B-3) is absorbed in the _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The liver can synthesize Niacin (Vitamin B-3) from the amino acid ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ disease is the inability to absorb Tryptophan. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hartnups disease is the inability to absorb Tryptophan, which results in _______. |
|
Definition
| Niacin (Vitamin B-3) deficiency |
|
|
Term
| Niacin (Vitamin B-3) Deficiency results in _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pellegra is described by _______. |
|
Definition
| The 4 D's: Dermatitis, Diarrhea, Dementia , Death |
|
|
Term
| Pellegra is a disorder where the body is unable to metabolize ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Folate (B Vit.) is the backbone used to synthesize: ______. |
|
Definition
| DNA, purines, and thymine |
|
|
Term
| Dietary Folate (B Vit.) has several _____ residues. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Deficiency of Folate results in _____. |
|
Definition
| Megaloblastic Anemia or Neural Tube Defects |
|
|
Term
| Without Folate, _____ do not divide. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Folate is ____ dependent. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vitamin B12 (Coblamin) is part of coenzymes needed for _____ metabolism & maintenance of ______. |
|
Definition
Folate metabolism
Myelin Sheath maintenance |
|
|
Term
| In vitamin B12 absorption: salivary glands secrete a B12 binding protein called _______. |
|
Definition
| R-Binder (aka haptocorrin) |
|
|
Term
| _____ liberates protein bound Vit B12 from R-Binder in the saliva and then transfers to R-Binder from the stomach. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ cells secrete intrinsic factor. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ release B12 from R Binder (stomach R binder). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| B12 rapidly binds intrinsic factor in the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| B-12/Intrinsic Factor is absorbed in the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vitamin B12 deficiency results in _____ & _______. |
|
Definition
Pernicious ("Slow Developing") Anemia
Peripheral Neuropathy |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) functions as a _____ for 8 different enzymes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vitamin C couples with ______ for antioxidant activity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vitamin C participates in _____ hyrdoxylation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vitamin C is absorbed through _______ dependent Vitamin C transporters. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Niacin can be given as medicine to reduce _____ and raise ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| [______] indicator of coronary disease. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ lowers homocysteine levels when taken with B12 and B6. |
|
Definition
|
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