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Definition
| general way to any and all movements of solutes or water across cell membranes or epithelia |
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| state toward which an isolated system undergoes change, it is not able to change in all conceivable ways. |
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| have no inputs or outputs of energy |
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Term
| Passive-transport mechanisms |
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Definition
| capable of carrying material only in the direction of equilibrium. |
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| Active-transport mechanism |
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Definition
| can carry material in the direction opposing equilibrium. |
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| transport that arises from the molecular agitation that exists in all systems above absolute zero and from the simple statistical tendency for such agitation to carry more molecules out of regions of relatively high concentration than into such regions. |
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Term
J = D ((C1-C2)/X)
J=rate at which solute diffuses
C1-C2=difference in concentration
(C1-C2)/X=concentration gradient
D=diffusion coefficient |
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Definition
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Definition
| solution that is away from contact with a membrane. Net charge of bulk solution is 0 or equal. |
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| Integral membrane proteins that transport ions through cell membranes. |
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Definition
| form of ion channel that can open and close because the proteins of which they are made of are able to undergo conformational changes that cause their central passage way to increase or decrease the ease with which ions pass. |
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Definition
| open and close to response in changes in the voltage difference across a membrane. (nerves) |
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Definition
| open and close in response to stretching or pulling forces that alter tension on membrane. |
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Term
| Phosphorylation gated channels |
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Definition
| open or close according to whether the channel proteins are phosphorylated. |
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Definition
| act as receptors of extracellular signals and as ion channels. |
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Definition
| - ease of which a solute can move through the membrane by diffusion |
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Definition
| permits some solutes to pass through by diffusion with greater ease than others. |
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| difference in voltage between the two sides of a membrane. |
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Definition
| influence of concentration gradient across a cell membrane |
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Definition
| influence of the electrical gradient on the ion’s diffusion |
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Term
| Electro-chemical equilibrium |
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Definition
| when a charged solute is at equilibrium across a membrane when the concentration effect on it diffusion and the electrical effect are equal but opposite. |
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Definition
| where a complex type of electrochemical equilibrium involving diffusion of multiple ions and water then tends to develop. |
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Definition
| Passive transport of the polar organic solutes across cell membranes occurs typically by the con covalent and reversible binding of the solutes to solute-specific transporter proteins in the membranes |
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| Active-transport mechanisms |
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Definition
| capable of moving solutes away from electrochemical equilibrium. |
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Definition
| alternative name for active transport |
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Term
| Carrier-mediated transport |
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Definition
| solute combines noncovalently and reversibly with a solute-specific transporter or carrier protein in the cell membrane. |
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Definition
| a membrane protein that mediates active or passive transport across the membrane by binding noncovalently and reversibly with a solute. |
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Definition
| solutes that bind noncovalently and reversibly with a transporter |
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Definition
| do not generate an imbalance of charge across a membrane |
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Definition
| mechanism that creates a charge imbalance across a membrane |
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Definition
| example of electrogenic mechanism. |
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Definition
| transporter protein involved in active transport. |
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Definition
| draws energy immediately from ATP |
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Term
| Secondary active transport |
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Definition
| draws energy, in an immediate sense, not from ATP, but from an electrochemical gradient of a solute such as Na+. |
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Definition
| transporter protein moves two solutes in coupled fashion in one direction (contransporter). |
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Definition
| transporter moves two solutes in coupled fashion in opposite directions (countertransporter). |
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| properties that depend simply on the number of dissolved entities per unite volume rather than the chemical nature of the dissolved entities. |
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Definition
| property of a solution that allows one to predict whether the solution will gain or lose water by osmosis when it undergoes exchange with another solution. |
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Definition
| highest temperature capable of inducing freezing |
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Definition
| the tendency of a solution to evaporate. |
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| Freezing-point depression |
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Definition
| the difference between the actual freezing point of a solution and the freezing point of pure water. |
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Term
| Water vapor pressure depression |
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Definition
| difference between a solutions’ water vapor pressure and the water vapor pressure of pure water |
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Definition
| membrane permeable to only water. |
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Definition
| the passive transport of water across a membrane, which can be a cell membrane, an epithelium, or an artificial membrane |
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Definition
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Definition
| - permeability of the membrane to osmotic water transport. |
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Definition
| when two solutions have the same osmotic pressure. |
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Definition
| - when a solution has a lower osmotic pressure than another. |
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Definition
| when a solution has a higher osmotic pressure than another |
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