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Definition
A derived characteristic of a clade. Any feature novel to a species and its descendants.
Important for feterminind relationshops in cladistic analyses.
In a character transformation series with more than two states, a particular character state may be apomorphic relative to some states and plesiomorphic relative to other states |
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| An apomorphic character state unique to a single taxon in a cladogram and though to have orgininated within that taxon |
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Definition
Technique sometimes used in cladistic analysis to place confidence intervals on the resulting cladograms.
A majority rule concensus tree is created that includes all of the monophyletic taxa that show up in at least 95% of the resulting cladograms |
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Definition
| Any attribute of an organism that can be consistently measured, counted or otherwise defined. |
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Definition
| One of the expressions of a character (ex. color) |
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| Character Transformation Series |
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Definition
| A hypothesized sequence of changes of states in a character from the most plesiomorphic (primitive) to the most apomorphic (derived). The sequence may be linear or branched |
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Definition
| A type of analysis of phylogenetic relationships in which monophyletic taxa are grouped on the basis of shared derived features (synapomorphies). |
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| A graphic display of a hypothesis of relationship among a group of taxonomic entities in the form of a branching diagram. The branching sequence is based on the inferred historical connections between the entities. |
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Definition
A branching diagram that shows the branching patterns shared among a group of alternative cladograms. Areas of disagreement result in polychotomies (unresolved areas in the cladogram where multiple branches arise together).
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Definition
| Includes only those parts of the cladogram that are shared by all of the alternative cladograms |
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| Majority Rule Consensus Tree |
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Definition
| Includes only those parts of the cladogram that are shared by most of the alternative cladograms |
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Definition
| Where two or more kinds of unrelated or distantly related organisms independenly acquire what appears to be the same character state from different preexisting ancestral character states |
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Definition
| A taxon by character table displaying the character states present in each taxon |
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Definition
The result of parallel or convergent evolution in which two or more kinds of organisms independently acquire the same (or apparently the same) character state.
Sometimes also results from reversals when in a particular lineage a character reverts from an apomorphic to a plesiomorphic state |
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Definition
The monophyletic group being studied.
It is compared to the outgroup, or the ancestor or otherwise related to the ingroup (double check this. I'm not sure if it has to be an ancestor or can be otherwise related). |
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Term
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Definition
In cladistic analyses, a natural taxonomic group composed of an ancestral taxon and all of its descendants.
Some taxonomists may use the use the term monophyletic in the sense of paraphyletic to include taxa derived from a common ancestor but not necessarily including all descendants. |
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Definition
| A branching point in a cladogram, representing a speciation event |
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Definition
| The situation in which two or more kinds of related organisms independently acquire the same character state from the same preexisting ancestral character states |
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Definition
| Taxonomic group that includes an ancestral species and some, but not all of its descendants |
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Definition
The simplest answer, with the fewest steps is the correct one.
This is also called Ockham's razor. |
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Definition
| A postulated set of relationships among a group of organisms. Often includes a postulated ancestor-descendant relationships and a time scale. |
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| The evolutionary history of a group of organisms |
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Definition
An evolutionary primitive character state. In a character transformation series the original state is plesiomorphic to all others.
In a character transformation series with more than two states, a particular character state may be apomorphic relative to some states and plesiomorphic relative to others. |
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Definition
| Determining which of a pair of character states is plesiomorphic (ancestral) and which is apomorphic (derived) |
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Definition
| A nonnatural taxonomic group composed of organsims without a common history, hypothesized to have origins in two or more different evolutionary lines; the most recent common ancestor of the two lineages is excluded from the group |
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Definition
| Situation within a monophyletic lineage in which an apomorphic character state reverts to the plesiomorphic condition. Reversals represent a sourse of homoplasy in cladistic analyses |
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Definition
| A monophyletic taxon that is hypothesized to be the closest relative of a given taxon. |
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Definition
| Any hypothesized character state change within the structure of a particular hypothesis of relationship (cladogram) |
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Definition
| A plesiomorphic character state shared by two or more taxa. In cladistic studies, symplesiomorphies are not considered to be evidence for linking taxa in a cladogram. |
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Definition
| An apomorphic (derived) character state shared by two or more taxa, considered in cladistic studies to be evidence of relationship |
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Definition
| The number of steps (hypothesizes character state changes) required by the structure of particular cladogram based on a given set of data. Cladograms of different tree length are judged by the parsimony criterion. |
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