Term
The oxygen content of blood in the aorta is ____ the oxygen content of the blood in the pulmonary artery.
A greater than
B less than
C equal to |
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Definition
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Term
The circulatory system is considered to be :
A a closed system
B an open system
C both open and closed since material can enter and leave the blood. |
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Definition
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Term
Mary counted cars and determined the traffic flow rate for the 2 lane road. Mark did the same for the 8 lane road. They discovered that both roads had the same flow rate. On which road was the traffic moving at the higher speed?
A 2 lane
B 8-lane
C the same speed
D not enough information is given. |
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Definition
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Term
(Accompanied by graph in class). Where does the blood pressure drop the most?
A Arteries
B Arterioles
C Capillaries
D Venules
E Veins. |
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Definition
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Term
Changing which resistance factor has the greatest effect on blood flow?
A vessel length
B vessel diameter
C fluid viscosity
D All are equally important |
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Definition
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Term
Which factor would you expect to be responsible for lower resistance in the pulmonary circulation? F = deltaP/R, R = 8Ln/(pi)(r4)
A vessel length
B blood viscosity
C vessel radius |
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Definition
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Term
Cardiac muscle cells are joined at intercalated disks. What type of cell-to-cell junctions are found there?
A desmosomes
B gap junctions
C tight junctions
D A & B
E B & C
F A & C
G A, B & C |
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Definition
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Term
Would tetanus be good or bad for contraction of the heart? WHY?
A GOOD- with tetanus you could get a stronger contraction
B BAD - with tetanus the contraction would last too long for the heart to beat properly |
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Definition
| B BAD - with tetanus the contraction would last too long for the heart to beat properly |
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Term
If there is sympathetic stimulation of the heart, when it contracts, the pressure of the blood in the ventricles would be ____ without the stimulation.
A the same as
B higher than
C lower than |
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Definition
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Term
If your heart rate would be 100bpm without outside stimulation and it's normally 72 what can you conclude?
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Definition
| I wasn't able to get all the answers down in class but the right one was that the parasympathetic NS is the main factor in maintaining the resting heart rate. |
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Term
Your EDV (End-Diastolic-Volume) is 130 mL, ESV (End-Systolic-Volume) is 50mL and HR (Heart-Rate) is 80bpm. What is your CO (Cardiac Output) in L/min.
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Definition
CO = (EDV - ESV) x HR
(130-50 = 80mL/beat for stroke volume)
80mL/beat x 80beats/min = 6400mL or 6.4L per min. |
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Term
MAP (Mean Arterial Pressure) = CO (Cardiac Output) x TPR (Total Peripheral Resistance) is a form of F = deltaP/R (Force = Pressure gradient/Resistance). What does F correspond to?
A MAP (Mean Arterial Pressure)
B CO (Cardiac Output)
C TPR (Total Peripheral Resistance) |
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Definition
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Term
Your blood pressure is measured as 110/80 and your cardiac output is 5L/min. What is your TPR (Total Peripheral Resistance)?
MAP = 110 - 80 = 30. 80 + (1/3)(30) = 90.
90 = 5L/min x TPR
90/5 = 18 (but I don't know the units) |
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Definition
MAP (Mean Arterial Pressure) = CO (Cardiac Output) x TPR (Total Peripheral Resistance)
MAP = (Diastolic) + (1/3)(Systolic - Diastolic)
= 80 + (1/3)(110 - 80)
= 80 + (1/3)(30)
= 80 + 10
= 90.
TPR = MAP/CO
= (90)/(5)
= 18 |
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Term
What is the total presure at a point in the capillary with the following characteristics and does this pressure favor filtration or absorption
Capillary hydrostatic pressure = 20 mmHg
capillary osmotic pressure = 25 mmHg
ISF hydrostatic pressure = 0mmHg
ISF osmotic pressure = 0mmHg
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Definition
Net pressure = (Capillary hydrostatic pressure - ISF hydrostatic pressure) - (capillary osmotic pressure - ISF osmotic pressure)
=(20-0) - (25-0)
= -5
The pressure favors absorption at this point in the capillary |
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Term
Which of the following would a soldier standing very still at attention experience;
A Decreased blood pressure in the legs
B Increased absorption from the ISF into the capillaries.
C Increased blood pressure in the legs.
D all of the above
E none of the above |
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Definition
| C Increased blood pressure in the legs. |
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Term
Which of the following statements are true?
A veins hold about 11% of the total blood volume at any moment.
B Veins hold about 60% of the total blood volume at any moment
C When arterial pressure falls, veins are constricted by sympathetic activity, shifting blood to the arterial circulation and increasing MAP (Mean Arterial Pressure).
D Both B & C
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following does not contribute to increased SV (Stroke Volume) during exercise
A increased contractility of cardiac muscle
B increased venous return
C increased length of filling time during diastole
D increased sympathetic stimulation of ventricular muscle
E increased EDV (End-Diastolic Volume) |
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Definition
| C increased length of filling time during diastole |
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Term
What happens to hematocrit in someone who is dehydrated?
A Hematocrit increases
B Hematocrit decreases
C Hematocrit stays the same |
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Definition
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Term
Each RBC cell is shaped into a biconcave disc. This allows it to.
A change its shape to squeeze through narrow openings
B shrink or swell slightly in response to osmotic conditions
C easily synthesize new proteins and membrane components.
D both A and B
E All of the above |
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Definition
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Term
A red blood cell survives in circulation for about 120 days. This short life is due to:
A inability to make ATP
B inability to make repairs
C the lack of oxygen
D glycolysis
E Both A & D |
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Definition
| B inability to make repairs |
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Term
An anemic person is likely to have a higher than normal level of erythropoietin
A True
B False |
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Definition
A True
If the kidneys sense low oxygen levels they will send out Erythropoietin whether it's effective or not. |
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Term
Platelets participate in hemostasis by:
A aggregrating to form a plug
B releasing chemicals that promote vasoconstriction
C secreting prostacyclin that prevents platelet aggregation on vessel endotheiluiumn.
D Both A and B
E All of the above |
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Definition
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Term
During blood coagulation, which of the following would occur first?
A Thrombin is formed from prothrombin
B Fibrin is formed from fibrinogen
C Factor XIII stabilizes the clot
D Factor X is activated
E Fibrin is dissolved |
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Definition
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Term
Functions of the respiratory system include each of the following except:
A exchange of CO2 from air with O2 from the blood
B regulation of blood pH
C vocalization |
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Definition
A exchange of CO2 from air with O2 from the blood
Firstly, this is backwards, you gain O2 from the air and get rid of CO2 from the bloodstream.
Secondly CO2 and O2 are not exchanged for each other, they just go down their concentration gradients in the same place at the same time. |
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Term
The Cardiovascular system is a closed - 1 way system. The lymph system is an open - 1 way system, how would you describe the respiratory system:
A open - 1 way
B open - 2 way
C closed - 1 way
D closed - 2 way |
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Definition
B open - 2 way
You exchange matter with the external environment and air flows both into and out of your lungs. |
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Term
The muscles for respiration are ___ muscles innervated by the ____ nervous system
A skeletal autonomic
B smooth autonomic
C skeletal somatic
D smooth somatic
E smooth none |
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Definition
C skeletal somatic
If you can consciously control them at all (even if they can function without conscious control sometimes) they're skeletal muscles and by definition they're controlled by somatic neurons. |
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Term
In a picture of alveoli, which describes the blue blood vessels
A arteries, oxygenated blood
B veins, oxygenated blood
C arteries, deoxygenated blood
D veins, deoxygenated blood |
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Definition
| C arteries, deoxygenated blood |
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Term
Cells that contribute to the defense mechanisms of the lungs include
A ciliated epithelial cells
B mucus secreting cells
C macrophages
D A & C
E All of the above |
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Definition
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Term
Assume atmospheric pressure is 760 mmHg. If oxygen makes up 21% of the air, what is PO2?
A 15
B 20
C 160
D 380
E 760 |
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Definition
C 160
Partial Pressure O2 = Total pressure x mole fraction O2
760 x 0.21 = 159.6 (close enough) |
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Term
A typical value for intrapleural pressure is:
A +6 mmHg
B +3 mmHg
C 0 mmHg
D -3 mmHg |
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Definition
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Term
When would airway resistance be greatest?
A during inspiration
B during expiration
C no difference |
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Definition
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Term
What is the % oxygen saturation at PO2 60?
(see figure 18-9 on p. 607 of textbook) |
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Definition
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Term
For maximum efficiency in loading oxygen at the lungs,
A 2,3-DPG levels in red blood cells should be high
B body temperature should be slightly lower than normal
C pH should be slightly acidic
D PO2 should be greater than 70mmHg
E all of the above |
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Definition
| B body temperature should be slightly lower than normal |
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Term
If there was so much CO2 that no more H+ ions could bind to Hemoglobin what would happen to pH?
A increase
B decrease
C no effect. |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following can Hemoglobin bind and transport in the blood?
A oxygen
B carbon dioxide
C hydrogen ions
D Both A & C
E A, B and C |
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Definition
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Term
Does tidal volume change or is it always the same?
A changes
B always the same |
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Definition
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Term
Select the proper order in which blood passes through the following vessels in a nephron:
1 - afferent, 2 - efferent 3- glomerular 4 - pertiubular
A 1234
B 4321
C 3421
D 1324
E 4231 |
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Definition
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Term
Which group of 3 structures is predominantly localized to the renal medulla?
A glomerulus - loop of Henle - collecting duct
B glomerulus - proximal tubule - distal tubule
C loop of Henle - distal tubule - peritubular capillaries
D loop of henle - collecting duct - vasa recta
E proximal tubule - loop of henle - collecting duct |
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Definition
| D loop of henle - collecting duct - vasa recta |
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Term
In order to completely excrete a solute, the kidney normally relies on:
A filtration
B secretion
C reabsorption
D filtration and secretion
E filtration and reabsorption
F secretion and reabsorption
G filtration , secretion and reabsorption |
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Definition
| D filtration and secretion |
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Term
What is the net filtration pressure when PGC (Hydrostatic pressure in Glomerular Capillary) = 61, Piosmotic (Colloid Pressure osmotic of solutes in glomerulus)= 13 and
PBC (Hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's Capsule)= 28?
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Definition
20
Total pressure = PGC - (Piosmotic + PBC)
=(61) - (13 + 28)
= 20 |
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Term
What is the clearance of inulin in ml/min?
inulin plasma = 0.30 mg/ml
inuline urine = 30 mg/ml
urine flow rate = 1.25 ml/min
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Definition
125 ml/min
Clearance = [U] x V / [P]x
= [concentration of inulin in urine] x urine flow rate / [concentration of inulin in plasma]
= 30mg/ml x 1.25 ml/min / 0.30 mg/ml
= 125 ml/min |
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Term
In the lumen of the proximal tubule, Na+ concentration is _____ the Na+ concentration in the cells of the tubule wall
A about the same as
B slightly higher than
C much higher than
D slightly lower than
E much lower than |
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Definition
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Term
The primary driving force for water movement out of the proximal tubule is _____ of the tubular fluid.
A greater osmolarity
B decreased osmolarity
C not dependent on osmolarity |
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Definition
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Term
The thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle is:
A permeable to water in the presence of specific hormones
B impermeable to water and has Na/K/Cl transporters
C permeable to water and has Na/K/Cl transporters
D impermeable to water without Na/K/Cl transporters
E permeable to water without Na/K/Cl transporters |
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Definition
| B impermeable to water and has Na/K/Cl transporters |
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Term
Certain cells of the nephron are impermeable to water even in the presence of ADH. These cells are found in the
A glomerular capillary
B proximal tubule
C descending limb of the loop of Henle
D ascending limb of the loop of Henle
E collecting duct |
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Definition
| D ascending limb of the loop of Henle |
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Term
The cellular changes induced by Aldosterone will result in
A increased Na secretion
B decreased blood pressure
C increased K secretion
D decreased plasma osmolarity
E increased Ca reabsorption
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following is Not a metabolic disturbance that can result in metabolic acidosis?
A severe diarrhea
B high protein diet
C excessive vomiting
D high fat diet
E heavy exercise |
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Definition
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Term
Select the Correct statement
A Buffer systems act according to the Law of Mass Action
B A chemical buffer system enables a solution to resist large changes in pH when acid or base is gained or lost
C Buffers are the first system to respond to acid-base balance changes.
D Both B & C
E A, B & C |
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Definition
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Term
Arterial blood test: [HCO3-] = 36 mEq/L, PCO2 = 60 mmHg
Is pH high normal or low?
A high
B normal
C low |
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Definition
B normal
Found with following expression [HCO3-]/(constant equal to 0.03)(PCO2)
= 36/(0.03)(60)
= 20 (which is normal) |
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Term
Under severe acidic conditions, the proximal tubule can convert ____ into bicarbonate.
A lysine
B glutamine
C carbon monoxide
D glutamate
E ammonium |
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Definition
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Term
A patient has a blood pH of 7.3 and low plasma HCO3- and PCO2. These values indicate:
A normal blood pH
B metabolic acidosis
C metabolic alkalosis
D respiratory acidosis
E respiratory alkalosis |
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Definition
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