Term
| Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
|
Definition
| - basic molecule used to produce energy for the body |
|
|
Term
| Immediate energy - ATP-CP System |
|
Definition
- used as primary source during high-intensity, short duration excersizes - ie: shot put, long jump - immediate energy of stored ATP and CP - 10 to 12 seconds |
|
|
Term
Short-Term energy - the Lactic Acid System (anaerobic glycolysis) |
|
Definition
- energy source predominates for exercise bouts of <1 min - eventually lactic acid accumulates and the intensity of the bout must decrease - ie: 400 meter dash |
|
|
Term
| long-term energy - Aerobic system |
|
Definition
| - lactic acid does not accumulate in the muscle to any appreciable extent under "steady-state" metabolic conditions because ample oxygen is available to make the required ATP |
|
|
Term
| 3 important functions of carbs |
|
Definition
- fuel for energy: esp. during exercise - Protein Sparing: carbs help preserve tissue proteins which normally serve in tissue maintenance, repair, and growth. When glycogen stored depleted protein is converted into glucose to maintain carb availability. Nitrogen balance improves with ingestions of non-protein calories - fuel for the central nervous system (brain) and other tissues |
|
|
Term
| Liver's role in maintaining blood glucose |
|
Definition
| - the tissure that resupplies blood glucose during post-abortive periods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - how carbs are stored in the liver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - when the body wants to use carb (such as glucose) as a fuel for energy the pancreas secretes the hormone GLUCAGON |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - a hormone that stimulates the conversion of glycogen into glucose within the liver, and glucose is free to leave the liver cells and enter the bloodstream |
|
|
Term
| anaerobic pathway for energy production |
|
Definition
- no oxygen - consists of a series of chemical reactions: glycolosis - produces small amount of ATP (energy) - lactate is the endproduct - used more during higher intensity exercise |
|
|
Term
| aerobic pathway for energy production |
|
Definition
- requires oxygen - consists of many chemical reactions referred to as "oxidative metabolism" - produces greater amount of ATP - used more during longer duration exercise |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - series of chemical reactions that converts glucose into pyruvate/lactate and generates a net of 2 ATP energy units |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - aerobic conditions - oxygen is available to produce ATP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- triglycerides (TG) stored directly within the muscle cells - circulating free fatty acids mobilized from triglycerides in adipose tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- enzyme that takes plasma TGs and breaks them down into free fatty acids (FFA) and monoglyceride - present in the capillary vessel wall of skeletal muscle (want high) and adipose tissue (want low) |
|
|
Term
| adipose tissue LPL is stimulated by |
|
Definition
- INSULIN: stimulate fat deposition into fat cells, increasing fat storage. CONTROL insulin by decreasing refined sugar/high GI carb intake/exercise, high ins stores more fat - CALORIC RESTRICTION: upregulates the enzyme to save whatever nutrients are available - ESTROGEN: females have greater storage of fat as result of increased aromatase activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- formation/storage of fat - stimulated by high LPL activity in fat cells - occurs primarily through TG formation in the fat cells that come from TG in circulating lipoproteins |
|
|
Term
Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) |
|
Definition
- enzyme that breaks down TG into FFA and glycerol in the adipocyte -HSL in stimulate by hormones released during times of stress, ie during exercise - inhibited by INSULIN which increases storage of fat and decrease lipolysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - process by which the enzyme hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) breaks down TG into FFA and glycerol |
|
|
Term
| Mechanisms by which exercise aids fat loss |
|
Definition
-conserves/increases LBM and metabolic rate increases in LBM increases - brings about changes to enhance fat breakdown - increases caloric expenditure |
|
|
