Obesity

- males >25%; females >30% body fat

- heart disease, hypertension, stroke, diabetes, gallstones, cancer, arthritis, skis disorders, mentrual irregularities

- availability of inexpensive, palatable, energy dense foods

- increased portion sizes

- high fat intake

- increased refined sugar intake

- decreased fruit vegetable and fiber intake

changes in energy expenditure

- decreased physical activity of daily living

- decreased leisure time physical activity

- increased sedentary behaviors

- visceral, central fat

- fat localized in the upper body that more easily releases FFA with hormonal stimuli

- more risk of disease

- seen mostly in males

Gynoid Fat

- gluteofemoral

- lower body fat

- more resistant to lipolytic stimuli, generally seen in females and stimulated by estrogen and progesterone

Stored Energy (glycogen, fat, body proteins) = energy in (food, alcohol) - energy out (basal metabolic rate, thermic effect of food, activity)

* equation is static because it does not take into account changes in metabolic rate that are ind of changes in body mass or decreases in energy expenditure that occur when caloric intake decreases

stored fat = fat in - fat out

- devoid of carbs and usually contain 60 to70% calories from fat

- theory: increase fat mobilization for energy induced by a reduction in insulin, prodution of ketones decrease appetite and are excreted in the urine

- increased risk of disease

- thermic effect on food: body uses energy to metabolize the energy consumed; metabolic rate is higher after a meal

- fat: thermic effect very small/body has easy time storing it

- protein/unrefined carbs: caloric expenditure increases as digestion and absorption and metabolism of food occurs