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how many elements acct for 98% of earths mass |
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earths core is composed of |
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silicon and oxygen rich materials |
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what 2 elements make up 75% of earths crust |
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components of minerals (5) |
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Definition
-naturally occuring; -crystalline solids; -have repeating arrangments of atoms. ions, and molecules; -definite chemical composition with slight variation; -generally inorganic |
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minerals are classified by |
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Definition
-chemical composition -crystal structure |
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the formation and growth of a solid from a liquid to a gas |
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minerals have different properties but same elements- the arrangements are different |
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the outward expression of a minerals internal arrangement of atoms |
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internal atomic arrangement is determined by |
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Definition
atom-ion charge, size, packing |
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conditions that may inhibit crystal growth |
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Definition
temp, pressure, space fro growth |
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resistance of a mineral to scratching |
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property of a mineral to break along planes of weakness |
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occurs in minerals where bond strength is genreallt the same in all directions |
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not realiable for mineral ids |
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____ materials make up more than 90% of earths crust |
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silicates are divided into 2 groups` |
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Definition
ferromagnesian (iron or mG) and nonferromagnesian silicates |
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all silicate minerals have the same fundamental structure of atoms |
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minerals form by the process of |
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minerals crystallize form what two sources |
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Definition
magma and water solutiong |
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the first to crystallize will have low/high melting point and smallest/biggest amount of silica |
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Term
as water solutions become chemically saturated, minerals ______ |
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ore deposits can be deposited into ___ or ___ |
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Definition
cracks or the matrix of the rock itself |
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water solutions can precipitate chemical sediments such as ____ and ___ |
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Definition
carbonites and evaporites |
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Term
what determines solubility for chemical sediments |
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low/high solubility minerals precipitate first |
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an aggregate of minerals-a physical mixture |
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igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic |
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Term
rock formed from cooling and crystallization of magma or lava |
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rock formed from preexisting rocks subjected to weathering and erosion |
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rock formed from preexisting rock transformed by heat, pressure, or chemical fluids |
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molten rock that forms inside the earth |
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molten rock erupted at earths surface |
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Definition
an avg rate of 30 degrees Celsius per kilometer |
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rocks in the ___ and ___ are near their melting points |
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what is a minor player in the role of igneous rocks? |
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role of pressure in igneous rocks: |
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Definition
reduced pressure lowers melting temp of rock; so when confining pressures drop, decompression melting occurs |
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____ cause rocks to melt at a lower temp |
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Definition
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the mineral makeup of igneous rock is dependent on |
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Definition
the chemical composition of the magma from which it crystallizes |
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Term
melting of rocks into magma melting rules: (2) |
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Definition
- minerals with low melting points (high silica content) are first to melt - partial melting results in a silica-enriched magma |
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Term
the process of crystallization in igneous rocks acts to enrich the remaining magma with |
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how are igneous rocks classified? |
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Definition
according to where they are formed |
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Term
rocks formed from magma that crystallizes at depth are termed intrusive or |
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rocks formed from lava at the surface are classified extrusive or |
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Definition
- shield -cinder cone -composite cone |
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what is the most common plutonic rock? |
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____ are large expanses of plutonic rock |
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sedimentary rocks are products of 4 processes |
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Definition
-weather -erosion -deposition -sedimentation |
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the physical breakdown and chemical alteration of rock at earths surface |
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mechanical weathering -chemical weathering |
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weathering: breaking and disentigration of rocks into smaller pieces |
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weathering: decomposition and transformation of rock into one or more new compounds |
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Definition
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mechanical weathering: alternate freezing and thawing of water in fractures and cracks promotes the disentigration of rocks |
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mechanical weathering: alternate expansion and contraction due to heating and cooling |
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mechanical weathering: disentegration resulting from plants and animals |
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main producer of sediment |
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breaks down rock components and the internal structures of minerals |
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chemical weatherings most important agent |
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the physical removal of material by mobile agents such as water, wind, ice, or gravity |
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___ does not occur in place but involves movement |
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the stage in which eroded particles come to rest |
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during ______, sediments are usually deposited horizontally layer by layer |
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as deposited sediment accumulates, it changes into |
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lithification occurs in two steps: |
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weight of overlying material presses down upon deeper layers |
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mineralized pore water acts as a glue to keep sediment particles together |
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sedimentary rock types are based on: |
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clastic- transported sediment particles- bits and pieces of weathered rock; chemical- sediments that were once in a solution |
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most common sedimentary rock; mud-sized particles in thin layers |
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composed of sand-sized particles; quartz is the predominant mineral |
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composed of particles greater than 2mm in diameter; consists largely of rounded gravels |
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most abundant chemical rock |
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limestone is comprised chiefly of the mineral |
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___ triggers the deposition of chemical precipitates |
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different from other rocks bc it is composed of organic material |
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metamorphic rocks are produced from |
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Definition
igneous, sedy and other metamorphic rocks |
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Definition
recrystallization and mechanical deformation |
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Term
a body of rock is intruded by magma; typically associated with high temps and high water content |
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Definition
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the alteration of rock by both heat and pressure over an entire region rather than just near a contact between rock and bodies |
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Definition
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metamorphic rock is defined by |
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Definition
appearance and mineral content |
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foliated- layered in sheets; non-not layered |
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