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PHSC- Final
Chapter 26
81
Physics
Undergraduate 4
12/05/2009

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Term
how many elements acct for 98% of earths mass
Definition
8
Term
earths core is composed of
Definition
iron-rich material
Term
crust is composed of
Definition
silicon and oxygen rich materials
Term
what 2 elements make up 75% of earths crust
Definition
oxygen and silicon
Term
components of minerals (5)
Definition
-naturally occuring; -crystalline solids; -have repeating arrangments of atoms. ions, and molecules; -definite chemical composition with slight variation; -generally inorganic
Term
minerals are classified by
Definition
-chemical composition
-crystal structure
Term
the formation and growth of a solid from a liquid to a gas
Definition
crystallization
Term
polymorph
Definition
minerals have different properties but same elements- the arrangements are different
Term
the outward expression of a minerals internal arrangement of atoms
Definition
crystal form
Term
internal atomic arrangement is determined by
Definition
atom-ion charge, size, packing
Term
conditions that may inhibit crystal growth
Definition
temp, pressure, space fro growth
Term
resistance of a mineral to scratching
Definition
hardness
Term
property of a mineral to break along planes of weakness
Definition
cleavage
Term
occurs in minerals where bond strength is genreallt the same in all directions
Definition
fracture
Term
not realiable for mineral ids
Definition
color
Term
____ materials make up more than 90% of earths crust
Definition
silicate materials
Term
silicates are divided into 2 groups`
Definition
ferromagnesian (iron or mG) and nonferromagnesian silicates
Term
all silicate minerals have the same fundamental structure of atoms
Definition
silicate tetrahedron
Term
minerals form by the process of
Definition
crystallization
Term
minerals crystallize form what two sources
Definition
magma and water solutiong
Term
the first to crystallize will have low/high melting point and smallest/biggest amount of silica
Definition
high; least
Term
as water solutions become chemically saturated, minerals ______
Definition
precipitate
Term
ore deposits can be deposited into ___ or ___
Definition
cracks or the matrix of the rock itself
Term
water solutions can precipitate chemical sediments such as ____ and ___
Definition
carbonites and evaporites
Term
what determines solubility for chemical sediments
Definition
solubility
Term
low/high solubility minerals precipitate first
Definition
low
Term
an aggregate of minerals-a physical mixture
Definition
rock
Term
3 types of rock
Definition
igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic
Term
rock formed from cooling and crystallization of magma or lava
Definition
igneous
Term
rock formed from preexisting rocks subjected to weathering and erosion
Definition
sedimentary
Term
rock formed from preexisting rock transformed by heat, pressure, or chemical fluids
Definition
metamorphic
Term
molten rock that forms inside the earth
Definition
magma
Term
molten rock erupted at earths surface
Definition
lava
Term
geothermal gradient
Definition
an avg rate of 30 degrees Celsius per kilometer
Term
rocks in the ___ and ___ are near their melting points
Definition
crust and upper mantle
Term
what is a minor player in the role of igneous rocks?
Definition
heat
Term
role of pressure in igneous rocks:
Definition
reduced pressure lowers melting temp of rock; so when confining pressures drop, decompression melting occurs
Term
____ cause rocks to melt at a lower temp
Definition
fluids
Term
the mineral makeup of igneous rock is dependent on
Definition
the chemical composition of the magma from which it crystallizes
Term
melting of rocks into magma melting rules: (2)
Definition
- minerals with low melting points (high silica content) are first to melt
- partial melting results in a silica-enriched magma
Term
the process of crystallization in igneous rocks acts to enrich the remaining magma with
Definition
silica
Term
how are igneous rocks classified?
Definition
according to where they are formed
Term
rocks formed from magma that crystallizes at depth are termed intrusive or
Definition
plutonic
Term
rocks formed from lava at the surface are classified extrusive or
Definition
volcanic
Term
3 types of volcanoes
Definition
- shield -cinder cone -composite cone
Term
what is the most common plutonic rock?
Definition
granite
Term
____ are large expanses of plutonic rock
Definition
batholiths
Term
sedimentary rocks are products of 4 processes
Definition
-weather -erosion -deposition -sedimentation
Term
the physical breakdown and chemical alteration of rock at earths surface
Definition
weathering
Term
two types of weathering
Definition
mechanical weathering -chemical weathering
Term
weathering: breaking and disentigration of rocks into smaller pieces
Definition
mechanical weathering
Term
weathering: decomposition and transformation of rock into one or more new compounds
Definition
chemical weathering
Term
mechanical weathering: alternate freezing and thawing of water in fractures and cracks promotes the disentigration of rocks
Definition
frost wedging
Term
mechanical weathering: alternate expansion and contraction due to heating and cooling
Definition
thermal expansion
Term
mechanical weathering: disentegration resulting from plants and animals
Definition
biological activity
Term
main producer of sediment
Definition
chemical weathering
Term
breaks down rock components and the internal structures of minerals
Definition
chemical weathering
Term
chemical weatherings most important agent
Definition
water component
Term
the physical removal of material by mobile agents such as water, wind, ice, or gravity
Definition
erosion
Term
___ does not occur in place but involves movement
Definition
erosion
Term
the stage in which eroded particles come to rest
Definition
deposition
Term
during ______, sediments are usually deposited horizontally layer by layer
Definition
sedimentation
Term
as deposited sediment accumulates, it changes into
Definition
sedimentary rock
Term
lithification occurs in two steps:
Definition
-compaction -cementation
Term
weight of overlying material presses down upon deeper layers
Definition
compaction
Term
mineralized pore water acts as a glue to keep sediment particles together
Definition
cementation
Term
sedimentary rock types are based on:
Definition
source of the material
Term
clastic v chemical rocks
Definition
clastic- transported sediment particles- bits and pieces of weathered rock; chemical- sediments that were once in a solution
Term
most common sedimentary rock; mud-sized particles in thin layers
Definition
shale
Term
composed of sand-sized particles; quartz is the predominant mineral
Definition
sandstone
Term
composed of particles greater than 2mm in diameter; consists largely of rounded gravels
Definition
conglomerates
Term
most abundant chemical rock
Definition
limestone
Term
limestone is comprised chiefly of the mineral
Definition
calcite
Term
___ triggers the deposition of chemical precipitates
Definition
evaporites
Term
different from other rocks bc it is composed of organic material
Definition
coal
Term
metamorphic rocks are produced from
Definition
igneous, sedy and other metamorphic rocks
Term
metamorphism occurs via
Definition
recrystallization and mechanical deformation
Term
a body of rock is intruded by magma; typically associated with high temps and high water content
Definition
contact metamorphism
Term
the alteration of rock by both heat and pressure over an entire region rather than just near a contact between rock and bodies
Definition
regional metamorphism
Term
metamorphic rock is defined by
Definition
appearance and mineral content
Term
foliated v nonfoliates:
Definition
foliated- layered in sheets; non-not layered
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