Term
| How many diagnostic criteria in the DSM-V? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many categories in the DSM-V? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "What the body does to the drug." |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "What the drug does to the body." |
|
|
Term
| What are two types of synapses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the three classification schemes?
|
|
Definition
DSM-V
ICD 9/10
Controlled Substances Act (CSA) |
|
|
Term
| Alcohol intoxication risks |
|
Definition
| motor vehicle traffic fatalities, residential fire deaths, falls and drownings, child abuse cases, suicides, industrial accidents |
|
|
Term
| What is an inhibitory neurotransmitter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is in the reward circuit? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a decrease response from the same dose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the reward neurotransmitter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is referred to as the brain and spinal cord? |
|
Definition
| Central Nervous System (CNS) |
|
|
Term
| What is the lobe of the brain that controls hearing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three basic philosophical models of drug use? |
|
Definition
| Free-Will Model, Moralistic Model, Disease Model |
|
|
Term
| What receives information from other neurons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the brain controls balance and coordinates movement? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Free Will Model? |
|
Definition
| It is that drug use is a means of coping with environmental experiences, a behavioral choice and a function of psychological and environmental factors combined. |
|
|
Term
| What is the emotional center of brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What form of therapy is recommended for the Free-Will Model? |
|
Definition
| a matter of choice, concerned with awareness and responsibility, values clarification, a means of support to achieve behavioral goals, an Educational process that involves learning of coping strategies |
|
|
Term
| What part of the brain controls eating, drinking and body temperature? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What blocks the function of a neurotransmitter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What neurotransmitter regulates sleep and mood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is tied to the endocrine system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What area of brain that controls speech? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Moralistic Model? |
|
Definition
Addiction is considered to be the result of low moral standards, bad character, and weak will.
Addicts are perceived as lacking values. |
|
|
Term
| What is the imaging using radioactive glucose tied to brain function? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the recommended treatment under the Moralistic Model? |
|
Definition
| Treatment consists of punishment for drug-using behavior, i.e, "use accountability" |
|
|
Term
| What is the lobe of the brain that controls vision? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What carries neurotransmitters in cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the act to ban alcohol? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Disease model? |
|
Definition
Physiological differences from normal people, differences based on genetics or created through the chemical effects of drugs.
The interaction between the individual's physiology and the psychoactive substances consumed is the disease and the mediator of behavior and experience. |
|
|
Term
| What is the diagnosis classification scheme? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the recommended treatment under the Disease model? |
|
Definition
| Treatment is both psychological and physiological. In addition, spiritual support is seen as a component. |
|
|
Term
| What is a chemical messenger? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the lobe connected with thinking, planning and emotional control? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does the brain complete the majority of its development? |
|
Definition
| Around 24 years old, women tend to develop earlier than men by a couple of years. |
|
|
Term
| What is the gap junction channel? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What mimics a neurotransmitter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 6 brain structures? |
|
Definition
| Frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, cerebellum, brain stem, temporal lobe. (FPOCBT) |
|
|
Term
| What targets a serotonin receptor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the reward pathway? |
|
Definition
VTA-->nucleus accumbens-->prefrontal cortex
|
|
|
Term
| What does the hippocampus do? Where is it located? |
|
Definition
| The hippocampus is located within the limbic system and it is the area that is for acquisition and retention of memories. |
|
|
Term
| What does acetylcholine do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Produces pleasure through the "reward system"
- Controlling movement
- Regulates hormonal responses
|
|
|
Term
| What is the Basal Ganglia? |
|
Definition
| It is involved in the control of movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Plays a role in sleep
- Involved in sensory perceptions
- Involved in controlling emotional states such as anxiety and depression
|
|
|
Term
| What is the nucleus accumbens? |
|
Definition
is a nucleus of the basal forebrain.
receives dopamine-secreting terminal buttons from neurons of the VTA and is thought to be involved in reinforcement and attention |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Excites the firing of neurons
- Aids process of memory
|
|
|
Term
| What does gamma-aminobutyric (GABA) do? |
|
Definition
| Inhibits the firing of neurons. |
|
|
Term
| What does norepinephine (NE) do? |
|
Definition
- Implicated in arousal
- Attention and sensation-seeking behavior
|
|
|
Term
| What does the nucleus accumbens have to do with teenage development? |
|
Definition
It is believed that an immature nucleus accumbens leads to the result of preferences for activities that require low effort yet produce high excitement.
Real world examples include: video games, skate boarding, and substance abuse |
|
|
Term
| What are opioid peptides? |
|
Definition
Produce the same effects as classic akaloid opiates, which include morphine and heroin. |
|
|
Term
| What are endocannabinoids? |
|
Definition
| Involved in a variety of physiological processes including appetite, pain-sensation, mood, and memory. |
|
|
Term
| What neurotransmitters are involved with cocaine and amphetamines? |
|
Definition
Dopamine
y-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) |
|
|
Term
| What neurotransmitters are associated with opioids? |
|
Definition
Opioid peptides
Dopamine
Endocannabinoids |
|
|
Term
| What neurotransmitters are associated with nicotine? |
|
Definition
Dopamine
y-Aminobuytric Acid (GABA)
Opioid peptides
Acetylcholine |
|
|
Term
| What is the frontal lobe? |
|
Definition
It is the seat of judgement, personality, reasoning, problem solving, and rational decision making
Provides for logic and understanding of consequences
Governs impulsivity, aggression, ability to organize thoughts, and plan for the future, attention, cognitive flexibility, and goal persistence
not fully developed until mid 20's |
|
|
Term
| What neurotransmitters are associated with ∆9 - Tetrahydrocannabinol? |
|
Definition
Endocannabinoids
Opioid peptides
Dopamine |
|
|
Term
| What neurotransmitters are associated with alcohol? |
|
Definition
Dopamine
Opioid peptides
y-Aminobuytric Acid (GABA)
Glutamate
Endocannabinoids |
|
|
Term
| What sites of the brain are affected with abuse of cocain and amphetamines? |
|
Definition
Nucleus accumbens
Amygdala
|
|
|
Term
| What sites of the brain are affected by nicotine? |
|
Definition
Nucleus accumbens
Ventral tegmental area (VTA)
Amygdala |
|
|
Term
| what is the prefrontal cortex? |
|
Definition
it is the area of the brain responsible for the complex processing of information, making judgements, controlling impulses, foreseeing consequences, and setting goals and plans
one of the last areas to mature, located just behind the forehead
sometimes referred to as "the seat of sober second thought" |
|
|
Term
| What sites of the brain are affected by ∆9 - Tetrahydrocannabinol? |
|
Definition
Nucleus accumbens
Ventral tegmental area (VTA)
|
|
|
Term
| What sites of the brain are affected by alcohol? |
|
Definition
Nucleus accumbens
Ventral tegmental area (VTA)
Amygdala |
|
|
Term
| What neurotransmitter is LSD associated with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What neurotransmitter is assosicated with GABA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What neurotransmitters are associated with PCP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the negative effects of withdrawal from dopamine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the negative effects of withdrawal of opioid peptides? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What negative hedonic effects of withdrawal serontonin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the negative effects of withdrawal of GABA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What drugs effect dopamine release (rank highest to lowest)? |
|
Definition
Amphetamine
Cocaine
Nicotine
Alcohol |
|
|
Term
| What are the degrees of substance use? |
|
Definition
- Occasional, controlled, or social use
- Abuse or harmful use
- Addiction and/or dependence
|
|
|
Term
| What are the three states of the addiction cycle? |
|
Definition
- Binge/Intoxication
- Withdrawal/negative affect
- Preoccupation/Anticipation
|
|
|
Term
| What are the temporal lobes? |
|
Definition
they are responsible for hearing, understanding, speech, and forming an integrated sense of self
responsible for sorting new information and for short term memory
contains the limbic reward system |
|
|
Term
| What's within the limbic-reward system? |
|
Definition
| Amygdala, hippocampus, nucleus acumbens, and VTA |
|
|
Term
| What does the limbic system regulate? |
|
Definition
| it regulates emotions and motivations related to survival (ie fear, anger, pleasure concerning sex and eating) |
|
|
Term
| What are the four groupings of pharmokinetics? |
|
Definition
- Absorption
- Distribution
- Metabolism
- Elimination and excretion
|
|
|
Term
| Describe the "reward system" in regards to the limbic system |
|
Definition
| feelings of pleasure and reward are very powerful and these pleasurable behaviors activate a circuit of specialized nerve cells in the limbic area = reward system |
|
|
Term
| What are the four groupings of the DSM-V? |
|
Definition
- Impaired control
- Social impairment
- Risky use
- Pharmacological (tolerance/withdrawal)
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a specialized cell designed to transmit information to other nerve cells and muscles |
|
|
Term
| Define/describe "dendrites" |
|
Definition
| they receives messages from other neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an electricity conducting fiber that carries information away from the cell body |
|
|
Term
| Define/describe "synapse" |
|
Definition
| it is the contact point where one neuron "communicates" with another neuron |
|
|
Term
| how do neurons communicate? |
|
Definition
by transmitting electrical impulses along their axons
axons then send messages across a synapse to the receiving dendrite of the target neuron |
|
|
Term
| What is impaired control? |
|
Definition
- May take the substance in larger amounts over a longer period of time than was originally intended.
- May express a persistent desire to cut down or regulate substance use and may report multiple unsuccessful efforts to decrease or discontinue use.
- The individual may spend a great deal of time obtaining the substance, using the substance, or recovering from its effect.
- Craving as manifested by an intense desire or urge for the substance.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Is more likely to occur in an environment where the drug previously was obtained or used.
- Has been showon to involve classical conditioning and is associated with activation of specific reward structures in the brain.
- Queried by asking if there has ever been a time when they had such strong urgesto take the drug that they could not think of anything else.
- May be a signal of impending relapse.
|
|
|
Term
| What is social impairment? |
|
Definition
- Recurrent substance use that results in a failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home.
- Continued substance use despite having persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems caused or exacerbated the effects of the substance.
- Important social, occupational, or recreational activities given up or reduced because of substance use.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Recurrent substance use in situations in which it is physically hazardous.
- Continued substance use despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent physical or psychological problem that is likely to have been caused or exacerbated by the substance.
- The individual abstains from using the substance despite the difficulty it is causing.
|
|
|
Term
| How many dendrite receptors does a neuron have? What are dendrite receptor sites called? |
|
Definition
each neuron has an average of 6,000 dendrite receptors
dendrite receptor sites are specialized areas known as "lock and key" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Signaled by requiring a markedly increased dose of the substance to acheive the desire effect or a markedly reduced effect when the usual dose is consumed.
- Varies greatly across different individulas as well as across substances and may involve a variety of central nervous system effects.
- Must be distinguished from individual variability in the initial sensitivity to the effects of particular substances.
|
|
|
Term
| What does gray matter do? What does white matter do? |
|
Definition
Gray matter contains neurons that are responsible for "thinking" (100 billion)
White matter contains supportive cells with nutritive roles (dendrites - 1 trillion) |
|
|
Term
| What is myelin? What does it do? |
|
Definition
Myelin is a layer of insulation that progressively insulates these supportive cells and is whitish in color
It makes white matter more efficient, much like insulation on electric wires, it contributes to overall cognitive functioning
Allows for more efficient communication between the white and the gray matter |
|
|
Term
| What synapse do we (humans) know more about? |
|
Definition
| We know more about chemical synapses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- A syndrome that occurs when blood or tissue concentrations of a substance decline in an individual who had maintained prolonged heavy use of the substance.
- The same (or closely related) substance is taken to relieve or avoid withdrawal symptoms.
|
|
|
Term
| What three categories of substance abuse disorder (SUD) severity? |
|
Definition
- Mild (Presence of 2 or 3 symptoms)
- Moderate (Presence of 4 or 5 symptoms)
- Severe (Presence of 6 or more symptoms)
|
|
|
Term
| What is recreational substance use? |
|
Definition
| Use that occurs in a social setting among friends or acquaitances who desire to share an experience that they define as both acceptable and pleasureable. Use is both voluntary and patterned. |
|
|
Term
| What is circumstantial substance use? |
|
Definition
| Substance use for the purpose of acheiving an anticipated effect in order to cope with a specific problem, situation or condition of a personal or vocational nature. |
|
|
Term
| The reward pathway radiates to what regions of the brain? |
|
Definition
The Limbic system: amygdala, hippocampus, nucleus acumbens, and VTA.
Also known as the nucleus accumbens to the VTA and also the prefrontal cortex |
|
|
Term
| Inserting an electrode in the ventral tegmental of a mouse would produce what effect? |
|
Definition
| There would be an injection of a substance into the nucleus accumbens which would become a "binding site, which would then trigger a neurotransmitter reaction |
|
|
Term
| Opiate binding sites are located in what regions of the brain? |
|
Definition
| In the amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and cerebrum |
|
|
Term
| The serotonin pathways affect what functions? |
|
Definition
| mood, memory processing, sleep, cognition |
|
|
Term
| The dopamine pathways affect what functions? |
|
Definition
| reward (motivation), pleasure, euphoria, motor function (fine tuning), compulsion, perseveration, decision making |
|
|
Term
| What are the neurobiological substrates for the acute reinforcing effects of cocaine/amphetamines? |
|
Definition
| dopamine and y-Aminobutric Acid (GABA) |
|
|
Term
| What are the neurobiological substrates for the acute reinforcing effects of opioids? |
|
Definition
| Opioid peptides, dopamine, endocannabinoids |
|
|
Term
| What are the neurobiological substrates for the acute reinforcing effects of nicotine? |
|
Definition
| dopamine, y-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA), opioid peptides, acetylcholine |
|
|
Term
| What are the neurobiological substrates for the acute reinforcing effects of alcohol? |
|
Definition
| dopamine, opiod peptides, y-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA), glutamte, endocannabinoids |
|
|
Term
| What are the neurobiological substrates for the acute reinforcing effects of tetraydriocannabinol (THC)? |
|
Definition
| endocannabinoids, opioid peptides, dopamine |
|
|
Term
| Hallucinogens are associated with what neurotransmitter? |
|
Definition
| Hallucinogens are associated with the neurotransmitter serotonin |
|
|
Term
| Benzodiazepines and "z" drugs are associated with what neurotransmitter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phencylidine (PCP) is associated with what neurotransmitter? |
|
Definition
| It disrupts the functioning of receptors for the glutamate (perception of pain, as well as learning, memory and emotion), also dopamine |
|
|
Term
| The motivational effects of drugs of abuse is biphasic, what does that mean? |
|
Definition
| there are two phases, meaning positive and negative hedonic effects |
|
|
Term
| What are the effects of food and sex on dopamine levels, using the animal model? |
|
Definition
| It's a part of the natural rewards system, the dopamine concentration goes up (150-200) in accumbens area |
|
|
Term
| What are the effects of amphetamine on dopamine levels, using the animal model? |
|
Definition
| Incredibly high of basal release/dopamine in a short amount of time// in accumbens area |
|
|
Term
| What are the effects of cocaine on dopamine levels, using the animal model? |
|
Definition
| Very high basal release/dopamine in a short amount of time (1-2.5 hours)//in accumbens area |
|
|
Term
| What are the effects of nicotine on dopamine levels, using the animal model? |
|
Definition
| A medium high (around 225 at max) release of dopamine within short amount of time, 0-1hr//in accumbens area |
|
|
Term
| What are the effects of ethanol on dopamine levels, using the animal model? |
|
Definition
| A medium release of dopamine within a medium amount of time, .5-1.5 hours// in accumbens area |
|
|
Term
| What is the impact on dopamine transporter after heavy methamphetamine use? |
|
Definition
| Significantly lower brain activity, lower dopamine reaction/transporter |
|
|
Term
| After chronic use of methamphetamine, followed by a period of abstinence, does the dopamine transporter system immediately return to normal? |
|
Definition
| No, it may never return back to normal. After 2 years some of the dopamine deficits are recovering in chronic stimulant abusers. However, there are functional deficits that do persists. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three states of the addition cycle as envisioned by George Koob? |
|
Definition
| 1) binge/intoxication 2) withdrawal/negative 3) preoccupation/anticipation |
|
|
Term
| Intoxication is more likely by what routes of administration? |
|
Definition
1) smoked 2) intravenous 3) intranasal 4) oral 5) transdermal
Intravenous, smoking, and intranasal (snorting) tend to result in a more intense intoxication and increased likelihood of substance use leading to withdrawal |
|
|
Term
| What is the impact of duration of effects on withdrawal? |
|
Definition
Relatively short-acting substances tend to have a higher potential for the development of withdrawal than do those with a longer duration of action.
Longer-acting substances tend to have longer withdrawal duration. |
|
|
Term
| What is pharmacokinetics? |
|
Definition
describes the movement of a drug within the body and how a drug's concentration in blood, body fluids, and tissues varies over time
"What the body does to the drug" |
|
|
Term
| What is pharmacodynamics? |
|
Definition
it describes the biochecmical and physiologic effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action.
What the drug does to the body |
|
|
Term
| What is involved in pharmacokinetics? |
|
Definition
| absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination and excretion |
|
|
Term
| Orally administered drugs are affect by what? |
|
Definition
the dosage amount
pH of gastric contents (drugs can be destroyed by extreme acid or basic conditions)
gastric emptying time (faster gastric emptying time results in more rapid delivery to the small intestine, the site of absorption)
intestinal transit time (for drugs absorbed in the small intestine, how fast it is etc)
integrity of intestinal epithelium
presence of food |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is the fraction of unchanged drug that reaches the systemic circulation after administration by any route |
|
|
Term
| What is first past metabolism?/when does it occur? |
|
Definition
is a phenomenon of drug metabolism whereby the concentration of a drug is greatly reduced before it reaches the systemic circulation.
occurs before a drug reaches the systemic circulation |
|
|
Term
| Drug metabolism can be either non-synthetic or synthetic. Which can involve cytochrome P450 mechanisms? |
|
Definition
Non-synthetic reactions, in which a drug is chemically altered and oxidized
oxidation can occur by cytochrome P450 dependent and independent mechanisms |
|
|
Term
| What is a synthetic reaction? |
|
Definition
| It is where the drug is conjugated iwth another moiety, such as a glucuronide. |
|
|
Term
| The metabolism of codeine to morphine is determined by a cytochrome genotype that reduces the metabolic function, resulting in less morphine being produced from a dosage of codeine. What impact does this have clinically on pain? |
|
Definition
More pain, less tolerance to pain.
Less morphine = less numbing = more pain |
|
|
Term
| What substance do you know is eliminated by zero-order kinetics? |
|
Definition
Alcohol
it is eliminated at constant rate, no matter how much ethanol is in the system |
|
|
Term
| What are the four common receptor types? |
|
Definition
Ligand-gated ion channels
G-protein-coupled receptor signaling
Receptors with intrinsic enzymatic activity
Receptors regulating nuclear transcription |
|
|
Term
| What neurotransmitters are influenced by alcohol? |
|
Definition
| adenosine, dopamine, opiates, serotonin (5-HT), endocannabinoids, VTA dopamine neurons, midbrain DA neurons |
|
|
Term
| When body weights are equivalent, what is the relationship of blood alcohol level in women compared to men following the ingestion of the same amount of alcohol? |
|
Definition
| Women show a 20-25% higher blood alcohol level than men, due to less gastric metabolism in women |
|
|
Term
| In 1933, the 21st Amendment to the Constitution gave states what right? |
|
Definition
| Gave states the right to regulate the purchase and sale of alcohol |
|
|
Term
| In 1919, what amendment to the Constitution and what act resulted in the prohibition of what substance? |
|
Definition
| In the US in 1919, alcohol was legally restricted nationally by the Volstead Act and the 18th Amendment |
|
|
Term
| G-Proteins and Second Messengers, Ligand Gate Ion Channels, Receptors Regulating Nuclear Transcription, Receptors with Intrinsic Enzyme Activity, receptor physiology, and potency, efficacy, and dose response are all apart of what phenomenon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the percentage of motor vehicle traffic fatalities are alcohol related? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the percentage of falls and drownings are alcohol related? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the percentage of child abuse cases are alcohol related? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the percentage of suicides are alcohol related? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the percentage of industrial accidents are alcohol related? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the percentage of residential fire deaths are alcohol related? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List 6 signs or symptoms of alcohol intoxication |
|
Definition
1) slurred speech
2) incoordination
3) unsteady gait
4) nystagmus
5) impairment in attention or memory
6) stupor or coma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sign of alcohol intoxication - damage to the appendages, your body doesn’t realize/recognize the pressure. so if someone is paraplegic, they are not able to shift therefore they can injure themselves further |
|
|
Term
| List 8 signs or symptoms of alcohol withdrawal |
|
Definition
Nausea & vomiting
Tremor
Paroxysmal sweats
anxiety
agitation
tactile/auditory/visual disturbances
heachache
increased blood pressure/pulse
seizures |
|
|
Term
| What are the "z" drugs? (list the 4 of them, hint* 3 with z, 1 with e) |
|
Definition
These are the "non-benzodiazepine hypnotics"
-eszopiclone
-zaleplon
-zolpidem
-zopiclone |
|
|
Term
| What are the "z" drugs used for? |
|
Definition
| used for the treatment of mild insomnia |
|
|
Term
| How would you conclude that an unfamiliar benzodiazepine was not a "Z" drug? |
|
Definition
| Benzos usually end in -am (w/ exception of -ate and -xide |
|
|
Term
| What is the relationship between alcohol intoxication and sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic intoxication under DSM-V? |
|
Definition
The symptoms/signs are almost the exact same for alcohol intoxication and sedative/hypnotic/anziolytic intoxication
ie: slurred speech, incoordination, unsteady gait, nystagmus, impairment in cognition/memory, stupor or coma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| He was an American gangster who was a big part of the prohibition era. He was a provider of alcohol |
|
|
Term
| Which two benzodiazepines have a one step biotransformation to glucuronide? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "Z" drugs are positive modulators of what agonist and on what receptor? |
|
Definition
| This type of drug is a positive modulator of the effects of GABA agonist on the GABAa receptor |
|
|
Term
| What "date rape" drug is both a Schedule I and a Schedule III drug? Why?/what are it's effects? |
|
Definition
This drug is Gamma Hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and is known as a club drug and date rape drug (which two schedules is it apart of?)
because it is a precursor and degradation product of GABA, but unlike GABA it passes through the blood brain barrier |
|
|
Term
| What are the 8 signs and symptoms of sedative, hypnotic or anxiolytic withdrawal? |
|
Definition
| anxiety, irritability, insomnia, fatigue, headache, muscle twitching/aching, tremor/shakiness, nausea, loss of appetite, observable depression, depersonalization, seizures |
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Term
| What enzyme genetic variant causes the decreased alcohol consumption among Asians? |
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Definition
| a common reaction caused by a result of a deficiency of a liver enzyme called ALDH2. leads to a "glow" in what certain race? |
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Term
What is the percentage of women 18-25 who binge drink? |
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Definition
31.4% (2013)
31.8% (2014) |
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Term
What is the percentage of women 18-25 who are heavy drinkers? |
|
Definition
15.2% (2013)
14.2% (2014)
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Term
| What enzyme genetic variant causes the decreased alcohol consumption in Asians? (the specific one) |
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Definition
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Term
| As a result of aldehyde dehydrogenase variant, what substance builds up within Asians? What is it known as? |
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Definition
| The substance that builds up is acetaldhyde, which is known as a carcinigen |
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Term
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Definition
| a substance capable of causing cancer in living tissue. |
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Term
| What percentage of US people aged 12 and older are past month smokers of cigarettes? |
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Definition
25.8 (12 or older)
35 (18-25) |
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Term
| What is the percentage of women 18-25 who binge drink? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the percentage of women 18-25 who are heavy drinkers? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the drinking pattern of women who are pregnant? |
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Definition
| Downward trend. Aka drinking in 1st trimester (can be attributed to the fact that some women don't realize they're pregnant until they're midway through the first tri), and then taper/decrease drinking in 2nd/3rd trimester. |
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Term
| What percentage of pregnant women binge drink alcohol in the 1st trimester? |
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Definition
2011-2012: 6.6%
2012-2013: 4.8 |
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Term
| What percentage of pregnant women binge drink alcohol in the 2nd trimester? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What percentage of pregnant women binge drink alcohol in the 3rd trimester? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the pattern of drug use among pregnant women by trimester? |
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Definition
| Goes down/decreases each trimester |
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Term
| Define binge drinking of alcohol |
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Definition
| Five or more drinks on the same occasion |
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Term
| Define heavy drinking of alcohol |
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Definition
female: 8 or more drinks per week
male: 15 or more drinks per week |
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Term
| What are the current (past month) percentages of whites who drink alcohol? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the current (past month) percentages of blacks who drink alcohol? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the current (past month) percentages of Asians who drink alcohol? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the current (past month) percentages of Hispanics who drink alcohol? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the current (past month) percentages of American Indian/Alaska Natives who drink alcohol? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the current (past month) percentages of Native/Pacific Islanders who drink alcohol? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the current (past month) percentages of whites, blacks, Asians, Hispanics, American Indian/Alaska Natives, and Native Hawaiin/Pacific Islanders use drugs? |
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Definition
White: 66%
Black: 15%
Asians: 2.09%
Hispanics: 14%
American Indian/Alaska Natives: .8%
Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islanders: .6% |
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Term
| Other than alcohol and tabacco, what's the most prevalent drug used by people 12 and older in the US? |
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Definition
1) Marijuana
2) Pain relievers
3) Tranquilizers
4) Stimulants |
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Term
| What does prevalent/prevalence mean? |
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Definition
| it is the ratio of the total number of cases of a particular disease divided by the total number of individuals in a particular population at a specific time |
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Term
| What does incident/incidence mean? |
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Definition
| This refers to the occurrence of new cases of a disease divided by the total number at risk for the disorder during a specified period. |
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Term
| What are the three basic characteristics of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome? (FAS) |
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Definition
1) dysmorphic facial chatacteristics (smooth philtrum, thin upper lip, and short palpebral fissures)
2) prenatal and postnatal growth deficiency in height or weight (<10th percentile)
3) CNS (central nervous system), including structural, neurological, and/or functional brain abnormalities |
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Term
| What is the difference between FAS and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder? |
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Definition
| Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is a result of high doses of alcohol consumption during pregnancy such as binge drinking and/or drinking on a regular basis. |
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Term
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Definition
| the disagreeable physical aftereffects of drunkenness, such as a headache or stomach disorder, usually felt several hours after cessation of drinking. |
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Term
| What are the contributing factors associated with a hangover? What is a congener? Why is an empty stomach relevant? |
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Definition
Contributing factors include: food, hydration
C: may be produced along with ethanol during fermentation
Empty stomach: high BAC |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| What are the eleven diagnostic Classification Schemes used to determine whether a person has a problem with substance use? |
|
Definition
1) alcohol is often taken in larger amounts or over a longer period that was intended
2) there is a desire along with unsuccessful efforts to cut down/control alcohol use
3) high amount of time is spent to get/use/recover from alcohol
4) craving/strong desire to use alcohol
5) failure to fulfill major role obligations at work/school/home
6) persistent social/interpersonal problems caused by the effects of alcohol
7) important things are given up/reduced because of alcohol use
8) use in risky/hazardous situations
9) use continued in spite of knowing issues that they should not be drinking
10) tolerance -> a need for a greater amount// diminished effect w/ the same amt of alcohol
11) alcohol withdrawal |
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Term
| What is the controlled substances act? How many schedules are in the CSA? |
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Definition
The Controlled Substances Act (CSA) is the statute prescribing federal U.S. drug policy under which the manufacture, importation, possession, use and distribution of certain substances is regulated.
There are 5 schedules (listed as I, II, III, IV, V) |
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Term
| What is the distinction between Schedule I and II of the CSA? |
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Definition
| Schedule I has no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the US, Schedule II does. |
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Term
| List 5 drugs in the CSA Schedule I |
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Definition
| LSD, marijuana, peyote, mescaline, psilocybin |
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Term
| List 5 drugs in the CSA Schedule II |
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Definition
| codeine, morphine, opium fluid/extracts, oxycodone, fentanyl, cocaine, methadone |
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Term
| Who determines what drugs goes into what schedule? |
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Definition
| Attorney general, FDA, Government |
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Term
| How many elements are in the DSM-V definition of a substance Use Disorder? |
|
Definition
| The presence of at least 2 of the 11 criteria indicates an Alcohol Use Disorder |
|
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Term
| does all substance use meet criteria for a substance use disorder? |
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Definition
| No, that's the reason why there are various factors or "signs" that if multiple are diagnosed, then there can be an idea of abuse |
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Term
| What does the DSM-V not recognize for caffeine? For hallucinogens? For tobacco? For Inhalent? |
|
Definition
No recognized caffeine use disorder
No recognized hallucinogen withdrawal
No recognized tobacco intoxication
No recognized inhalent withdrawal |
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Term
| What is route of administration of a substance relevant? |
|
Definition
the faster a drug reaches its site of action in the central nervous system (CNS), the greater its reinforcing properties
the concentration of drug depends on the intake type |
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Term
| Which route of administration by-passes the liver and goes to the brain? |
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Definition
| Venous system, no liver metabolism// injection to veins |
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Term
| What are the three basic philosophical models of substance use? |
|
Definition
1) free-will model
2) moralistic model
3) disease model |
|
|
Term
| What model favors punishment as a behavioral modification approach? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How much does the brain weigh? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Full development of the brain continues until about which age? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the lobes of the brain (6)? |
|
Definition
1) parietal lobe
2) occipital lobe
3) cerebellum
4) frontal lobe
5) brain stem
6) temporal lobe |
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Term
| A sagittal section of the middle of the brain reveals which structures? (9) |
|
Definition
1) cerebrum
2) hypothalamus
3) thalamus
4) amygdala
5) hippocampus
6) pons
7) cerebellum
8) medulla oblongata
9) spinal cord |
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Term
| The Limbic system is made up of what structures? |
|
Definition
| amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, and cingulate gyrus make up this system |
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|
Term
| The Basal Ganglia are what structures? (6) |
|
Definition
Dorsal Striatum [ caudate nucleus and Putamen]
Ventral Striatum [nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle]
Globus pallidus
Ventral pallidum
Substantia nigra
Subthalamic nucleus |
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|
Term
| Which 3 brain structures undergo maturation during youth? |
|
Definition
nucleus accumbens
amygdala
prefrontal cortex (the limbic system within it) |
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|
Term
| Which basal ganglia structure is associated with high excitement, low effort activities? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which limbic system structure is responsible for integrating emotional reactions to pleasurable and aversive experiences? |
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Definition
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Term
Which love of the brain is regarded as the seat of personality, judgment and reasoning?
When does this structure become fully developed? Is there a difference between sexes? |
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Definition
the frontal lobe
not fully developed until mis-20's
females mature/develop faster than males |
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Term
Which lobe of the brain is responsible for hearing, understanding speech, and forming an integrated sense of self?
What system does this lobe contain? |
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Definition
Temporal lobes
contains the limbic-reward system |
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Term
| What's the relationship between drugs of abuse and the reward system? |
|
Definition
Drugs of abuse activate the reward system in the limbic area of the brain, producing powerful feelings of pleasure
desire to repeat drug using behavior is strong//drugs can exert powerful control |
|
|
Term
| Name the parts of a neuron and the function of those parts, what does a neuron do? |
|
Definition
Neuron - specialized cell designed to transmit information to other nerve cells and muscles
dedrites - receives messages from other neurons
cell body - the body
axon - en electricity conducting fiber that carries info away from the cell body
myelin sheath
synapse - contact point where one neuron "communicates" with another neuron |
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Term
| What is grey matter vs white matter, amount of each? |
|
Definition
Gray matter contains neurons that are responsible for “thinking” (100 billion).
White matter contains supportive cells with nutritive roles (dendrites—1 trillion). |
|
|
Term
| What is a gap junction channel? |
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Definition
| For an electrical synapse, it is the space between the pre- and post- synaptic cells |
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Term
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Definition
| it is also known as a connexin hemichannel or a pannexin channel, is an assembly of six proteins called connexins that form the pore for a gap junction between the cytoplasm of two adjacent cells. |
|
|
Term
| What is a synaptic vesicle? |
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Definition
| Within a chemical synapse, store various neurotransmitters that are released at the synapse. |
|
|
Term
| What is a synaptic cleft? |
|
Definition
| In a chemical synapse, the space between neurons at a nerve synapse across which a nerve impulse is transmitted by a neurotransmitter—called also synaptic gap. |
|
|
Term
| What is a post-synaptic receptor? |
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Definition
| In a chemical synapse, after release into the synaptic cleft, neurotransmitters interact with receptor proteins on the membrane of the postsynaptic cell, causing ionic channels on the membrane to either open or close. |
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Term
| What are the major neurotransmitters? What are their functions? (8) |
|
Definition
acetylcholine - regulates memory
dopamine - produces pleasure through the "reward system", controls movement, regulates hormonal responses, important to cognition and emotion
serotonin - plays a role in sleep, sensory perception, involved emotional states such as anxiety/depression
glutamate - excites the firing of neurons, aids process of memory
Gamma-aminobutyric (GABA) - inhibits the firing of neurons
Norepinephrine (NE) - implicated in arousal, attention and sensation-seeking behaviors
Opioid peptides - produce similar effects to morphine/heroin (aka alkaloid opiates)
Endocannabinoids - involved in appetite, pain-sensation, mood, and memory |
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Term
| What is the relationship of marijuana, heroin, and GHB to neurotransmitters? |
|
Definition
Some drugs, such as marijuana and heroin, can activate neurons because their chemical structure mimics that of a natural neurotransmitter.
Don't activate, but mimic! |
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Term
| What is the function of an uptake pump in a synaptic cleft? |
|
Definition
| binds the neurotransmitter and "pumps" it to the nucleus accumbens |
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|
Term
| Noradrenaline originates in the brain stem (locus coeruleus) and radiates to what areas? |
|
Definition
| radiates to amygdala, cerebellum, and hippocampus |
|
|
Term
| Dopamine originates in what part in the midbrain? |
|
Definition
| Originates in the VTA and substantia nigra |
|
|
Term
| Why do people drink alcohol/use drugs? |
|
Definition
| Because it makes them feel good, gives them liquid courage, gives an image |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| is the study of how diseases are distributed in populations. It also is the study of the determinants of disease and health. |
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