a group of words that does not contain a subject and a verb

ex. into the house

many years ago while fishing in the ocean

a verb used as another part of speech

a verb used as an adjectice formed by adding ing in the present and ed, d, t, or en in the past

ex. present - crying baby, soaring eagle, flying elephant

past - tired student, exhausted runner, shaken surviror, burnt toast

a verb used as a noun formed by adding ing

nouns are used as direct objects, ovjects of prepositions, and predicate nominatives as gerunds

ex. Reading is my hobby. (subject)

I like reading. (direct object)

In reading, we read left to right. (object of the preposition)

a verb used as a noun, adjective, or adverb preceded by to

ex. To fogive is to forget. (noun)

The player to watch is the fullback. (adjective)

Mr. Chisom rose to speak. (adverb)

appositive

a noun or a pronoun that follows another noun or pronoun to identify or to explain it

ex. Mr Gregory, a man of integrity, never cheats anyone.

Mr. Mills, my physical education teacher, won a world championship in wrestling.