Term
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Definition
A group of related words THAT has a subject and verb, it’s called a
clause. |
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Term
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Definition
If the group of related words does not have a subject and verb,
it’s called a phrase. |
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Term
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Definition
A prepositional phrase is a group of related words that acts as either an
adjective or an adverb in a sentence. A prepositional phrase is made
up of at least two words: a preposition (a linking word) and a noun or
pronoun (called the object of the preposition). |
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Term
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Definition
about near along out of
behind to by up
in after onto at
since between under for
above off among over
below toward down with
into against out before
through beyond until from
across on around past
beside towards during without |
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Term
When parts of verbs are used in a way other than as a main verb, they
are called verbals. |
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Definition
As verbals, they keep many of their verb qualities.
They can have objects and adverbs. |
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Term
A gerund is a verb form that’s used as a noun. Gerunds always end in
ing and function as nouns. A gerund can be a subject, a subject
complement, the object of a verb, or the object of a preposition. A
gerund can appear by itself, as in |
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Definition
I enjoy dancing.
Or, it can introduce a phrase.
Flying a kite is fun.
The entire gerund phrase, flying a kite, functions as subject of the
sentence.
I’m good at making clay pots.
The gerund phrase, making clay pots, is the object of the preposition at.
Seeing is believing.
Both seeing and believing are gerunds. Seeing is the subject and
believing is the subject complement. |
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Term
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Definition
An important point to keep in mind is that an ing form of a verb can't
be used by itself as a main verb. It must have a helping verb with it,
like a form of the verb to be. |
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Term
Participial phrases are used as adjectives. We’ve just seen that the ing
form of the verb can be used as a noun called a gerund. The ing form
can also be used as an adjective. Unlike the gerund, which is used
only in the present ing form, a participle may be used in the past
form. The past participle is the form of the verb used with has, have, or
had. Often the past participle, as the past tense, ends in ed, but there
are irregular past participles too. Here are some common ways that
participles end: |
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Definition
1. Forms ending in ing, as walking, singing, looking
Looking over her report, Marie found several mistakes.
2. Forms that end in ed, as oiled, completed, boiled, loved
We collected the completed forms from the members.
3. Forms that end in en, as written, woven, frozen, hidden
Frozen all the way through, the turkey took all day to thaw.
4. Forms that end in n, as known, shown, grown, sworn
We discarded the torn garment.
5. Forms that end in d or t, as told, heard, bought, burst
Sometimes a twice-told tale is boring. |
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Term
| Is It a Participle, Gerund, or Main Verb? |
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Definition
an ing form of a verb needs a helping verb to
be used as a main verb
if the subject of the sentence
and is a gerund, a verbal noun.a
gerund can’t be a past form of the verb; it’s used only in the ing form.
Anything that describes a noun or
pronoun is an adjective. The verbal phrase here is a participle. |
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Term
| PARTICIPAL & PARTICIPAL PHRASE |
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Definition
IS A VERB THAT ENDS IN ING, ED, OR EN (OTHERWISE PAST TENSE OF A VERB) USED IN A SENT. AS A ADJ.
THE PHRASE INCL. ADDITIONAL MODIFIERS OR OBJECTS |
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Term
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Definition
FILLED WITH INSECURITIES, the girl cried at every imagined hurt. or
The girl, FILLED WITH INSECURITIES, cried at every imagined hurt. |
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Term
| participial phrases are found in a sent. either.. |
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Definition
| right before or after the noun they are describing. When at the beginning the noun described should immediately follow the comma. |
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Term
The only difference between an independent clause and an adverbial
clause is |
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Definition
that the adverbial clause begins with what’s called a
subordinate conjunction. |
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Term
| A adverb clause will tell readers |
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Definition
| Under what condition/When |
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Term
| Adverbial clauses all begin with subordinate conj. |
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Definition
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Term
| Sub. conj. fall into five categories |
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Definition
Time
Reason or cause
Contingency or supposition
Purpose or result
Comparison |
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Term
5 groupings of sub. conj. that introduce adverbial clauses
Time
Reason or cause
Contingency or supposition
Purpose or result
Comparison |
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Definition
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Term
Subordinate conjunction category
1. Time |
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Definition
| after, before, since, until, till, when, as long as, as soon as |
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Term
Subordinate conjunction category
2. Reason or cause |
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Definition
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Term
Subordinate conjunction category
3. Contingency or supposition |
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Definition
| although, if, unless, provided, whether |
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Term
Subordinate conjunction category
4. Purpose or result |
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Definition
| lest, so that, in order that |
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Term
Subordinate conjunction category
5. Comparison |
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Definition
as, if, as though (also than when it follows other, rather, or an
adjective in the comparative degree, as in better than this) |
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Term
| Where subordinate conjunctions in a sent. are has a great affect on the meaning of a sent. This position will be before one clause or another as these two sentences |
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Definition
Although John is always late, he is an efficient worker.
Although he is an efficient worker, John is always late.The first sentence emphasizes John’s efficiency,
while the second one emphasizes his lateness. The only difference in
these two sentences, however, is the word order. |
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Term
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Definition
An adjectival clause describes a noun or pronoun and answers questions
such as Which one? What kind? What sort of? |
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Term
Adjectival clauses are also
called relative clauses. |
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Definition
An adjectival clause follows the word it modifies. It also contains a
relative pronoun. |
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Term
| Adjectival Clauses contain relative pronouns such as.. |
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Definition
The common relative pronouns are who, whoever,
whom, whomever, whose, which, and that. |
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Term
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Definition
My mother, who had tears streaming down her face, was making
onion soup. (This adjectival clause modifies the noun mother.)
The store was sold out of the toy that the child wanted. (The
adjectival clause describes the noun toy.)
Air that is polluted is bad for you. (The adjectival clause modifies
the noun air.)
The man to whom he gave the package was a federal agent. (The
adjectival clause describes the noun man.) |
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Term
| The relative pronoun in adj. clauses usually beging the clause |
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Definition
| but its not uncommon for it to be in other areas in the sent |
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Term
| Relative pronoun word agreement when forming adverbial clauses |
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Definition
Which is used for things, animals, ideas, and groups of people not
considered as individuals. |
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Term
| Relative pronoun word agreement when forming adverbial clauses |
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Definition
| That can be used for ppl., places, thing, and ideas |
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Term
| Relative pronoun word agreement when forming adverbial clauses |
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Definition
| Use Who when modifying a subject, whom when it is the object, whose is the possesive |
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Term
| some adj. clauses are set off by commas |
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Definition
| its all depends on whether the clause is restricting or limiting the meaning of the noun or pronoun the clause describes |
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Term
| Adverbial clauses and commas |
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Definition
a restrictive clause isn't set off in
commas. A nonrestrictive clause is set off with commas. |
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Term
If a clause is restrictive, it’s essential to the meaning of the
noun or pronoun. Therefore, it’s not set off in commas |
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Definition
If the clause is
simply adding additional information, as in nonrestrictive clauses, it
is set off in commas. |
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Term
| Adjectival Clauses Using that and which |
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Definition
use THAT if the clause is essential to the sent. meaning
use WHICH if the clause is non essential and set the clause off with commas |
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Term
| non-restrictive is set off in commas, simply adds more info. not essential (use the word that instead of which) |
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Definition
| restrictive clauses are essential to the sent. meaning, its not set in commas |
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Term
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Definition
| subordinate conj, adj. clauses beginning w relative pronouns |
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Term
The relative pronouns which and that can both be used for places,
things, and ideas. |
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Definition
Careful writers use that with restrictive clauses and
which with nonrestrictive clauses. |
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Term
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Definition
| a dependent clause used as a noun |
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Term
| noun clauses signal words include: |
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Definition
what, whatever, who, whoever,
whom, and whomever how, if, that, where, wherever, whether, which, whichever, and why |
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Term
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Definition
My mother admitted that she was depressed. (The noun clause is
used here as a direct object. It answers the question what.)
What you need is a vacation. (The noun clause serves as the
subject of the verb is.)
Give the gift to whoever answers the door. (The noun clause is the
object of the preposition to.)
Tell whomever you meet the truth. (The noun clause is the
indirect object of the verb tell.)
Wherever he goes is where I want to be.
Here's how the dishwasher operates. |
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