1

“The aperture controls on light and depth of field.” Short Courses.

Shortcourses.com. n.d. Web. 3 May 2012

1

The aperture adjusts the size of the opening through which light passes to the image sensor

1

When the aperture is more closed in is called "stopped" down.

1

Aperture uses the f-stop(f/#) system where the # is a number.

1

Aperture goes from f/1.6 to f/16.

1

Bigger depth of field can be achieved by a larger aperture size which is the same as a lower aperture number(f/1.6).

1

A lower depth of field can be achieved by a smaller aperture or a bigger aperture number(f/16). 

1

You usually don't see the effects of the aperture as far as light because the exposure auto corrects for the light changes. 

1

Each f stop increase or decreases lets in or blocks out twice the light. 

1

A relitively short lens that can have a relitively wide aperture is called a fast lens.

1

Faster lenses are good for low light photography. 

1

A high aperture is good for photographing fast moving objects. 

2

Olson, Chris. Personal Interview, 3 May 2012

2

Shutter speed is how long the image sensor in the camera is exposed to light for a photograph.

2

Lower shutter speeds(fast) are much better for sports and other motion photography.

2

High shutter speeds can be used for creating photo effects like having a name written by a glow stick or a sparkler.

2

Shutter speeds can range from 1/4000 of a second to 1 second for average photography.

2

High shutter speeds(1s+) are used mainly for special effects like having a streaming water fall or having cars drving down a freeway at night.

2

High shutter speeds coupled with panning the camera to stay in line with then object of the photograph can create a motion blur effect to a photograph.

2

Faster shutter speeds are advantageous for sports photography because players are moving very fast and motion blur is considered bad photography in that context.

2

A slow shutter with use a a flash can create very interesting effects by flashing the light at different times through the shutter time creating different shadows of the same object that is not normally possible.

2

In early days of photography, available shutter speeds were not standardized.

2

In a modern day camera 1/4000 is the fastest shutter availible.

2

Bulb shutter speed is when instead of a shutter being a preset time, the shutter is open for as long as you depress the shutter release(button to take photos).

3

Peter, Davidson. “ISO Explained!” Digital Photo Secrets.

 Digital-phot-secrets.com. 2 July 2008. Web. 3

3

ISO by definition is how sensitive the image sensor is to light

3

A higher ISO means that it is more sensitive.

3

A lower ISO means that it is less sensitive.

3

Low ISOs(50-100) are good for sunny days when taking photos.

3

High ISOs(800-1600) are very good for low light or night pictures because it is more sensitive to the light.

3

An ISO that is too high creates and overexposed(super bright) photo.

3

An ISO that is too high creates a fuzzy photo.

3

If you are in low light and do not want to up your ISO you can simply increase your shutter time and get the dame effect.

3

Ussing the previous work around can often time make your photo blury.

3

ISO 50-100 is suitable for bright light (like outdoors on a sunny day)

3

Use ISO 400 and 800 when the light is getting dim but it is not yet night.

4

Diehl, Stephen J. "Camera." World Book Advanced.

World Book, 2012. Web.  4 May 2012.

4

A camera is a device to capture a scene.

4

Cameras work by opening a shutter for a period of time letting light then hit a image sensor forming an image.

4

In the first cameras the light sensor was actually a material that acted a certain way when light struck it.

4

After the first cameras came film style cameras when the  camera projected the light onto a film strip or on to a light sensitive piece of paper.

4

Modern digital cameras use an eletroncic image sensor that records the images to a memory card.

4

Current generation cameras almost exclusively use digital photo sensors.

4

Very few modern cameras are not a SLR(Sinlge lense reflex)

4

The TLR(Twin lense relex) was a very similar idea to the SLR style camera with one exception. The SLR used one lense for the view finder and the rest of the camera whereas the TLR use one for both. Hence "Twin Lense".

4

 Mo Ti is the first recorded person to have create a picture using the idea of a camera in the 15th century.

4

The name camera obscura, Latin for "dark room" is how the camera got it's name because the inside of a camera has to be a light tight box.

4

British scientist Robert Boyle and his assistant Robert Hooke developed a portable camera obscura in the 1660s.

5

“Tutorials: White Balance” Cambridge in Colour.

Cambridge in Colour. 2012. Web. 13 May 2012

5

White balance is removing color shades, so that objects which appear white in person are rendered white in your photo.

5

White balance has to take into account the "color temperature" of a light source.

5

"Color temperature" is the coolness or warmth of white light.

5

Humans don't see the effects of a differnet color temperature because our eyes are very good at judging light.

5

Cameras will often give a photo a grean blue or orange color to photos because the photo was not taken under the correct white balance.

5

Color temperature is also mesured through a spectrometer.

5

Color TemperatureLight Source

1000-2000 K        Candlelight

2500-3500 K        Tungsten Bulb

3000-4000 K        Sunrise/Sunset

4000-5000 K        Fluorescent Lamps

5000-5500 K        Electronic Flash

5000-6500 K        Daylight with Clear Sky

6500-8000 K        Moderately Overcast Sky

9000-10000 K        Shade or Heavily Overcast Sky

5

5000k produces the most nuetral light where as 3000k and 8000k will tint the pciture in a certain color.

5

White balance is often changed with the levels of green and mangenta in a photo.

5

Fluorescent and other artificial lighting may require significant green-magenta adjustments to the WB.

5

Most camera auto white balances will range from 3000k/4000k to 7000k.

5

A neutral reference is often used for color-critical projects, or for situations where one anticipates auto white balance will encounter problems. Neutral references can either be parts of your scene or can be a portable item which you carry with you like a flash card. You can take a photo pf the object that is white and see what color it shows on the photo and adjust accordingly.

5

Under mixed lighting, auto white balance usually calculates an average color temperature for the entire scene, and then uses this as the white balance.

6

“Digital Camera Image Noise - Part 1” Cambridge in

Colour. Cambridge in Colour. 2012. Web. 13 May 2012

6

"Image noise" is the digital equivalent of film grain for analogue cameras.

6

One can think of it as analogous to the subtle background hiss you may hear from your audio system at full volume.

6

Noise appears as random speckles on an otherwise smooth surface and can significantly degrade image quality.

6

The signal to noise ratio (SNR) is a useful way of comparing the amounts of signal and noise for any electronic system. High ratios will have very little visible noise and the opposite is true for low ratios.

6

The image above has a sufficiently high SNR to clearly separate the image information from background noise. A low SNR would produce an image where the signal and noise are more comparable and thus harder to discern from one another.

6

A camera's "ISO setting" or "ISO speed" is a standard which describes its absolute sensitivity to light

6

Random noise is characterized by intensity and color fluctuations above and below the actual image intensity.

7

“Tutorials: White Balance” Cambridge in Colour.

Cambridge in Colour. 2012. Web. 13 May 2012

7

7