phonemes & allophones

Difficult to predict sequence of sounds based on most initial sounds in English

STOP is transcribed [stɑp]

TOP transcribed [tʰɑp]

Aspiration is the difference

but the puff of air does nto change meaning!

[kʰIʔn̩]

Short puff of air accompanies the [k]

Also, the 't' sound is shortened much like 'writer' would be 

[hΛnɹ]    (syllabic ɹ)

Most speak without the 't' sound at all

Phoneme [t] has ___ allophones.

What are they?

4.

[t], [tʰ], [ʔ], and [ɾ]

A distribution of a phoneme is the set of phonetic environments in which it can occur.

EX: nasalized vowel can only occur in the environment of a nasalized consonant.

Two sounds are ____________ if replacing one phone with another does not change the meaning of the word

Allophones of the same phoneme 

mutually exclusive but complimentary to each other to make a word

makes it possible for prediction in allophones

[p] & [pʰ] do not occur in the same phonetic environment, no minimal pairs to contrast.

1. The sound(s) affected by the rule

2. The environment where the rule applies

3. The resultant of the rule 

•  
  • X à Y/ C__D

Describe the parts:

X à Y/ C__D

X: sound affected by the rule

Y: result of application to sound

C: comes before the sound in question

D:comes after the sound in question

A group sounds in a language that share one or more articulatory or auditory properties

to the exclusion of all other sounds in the language

produced with obstruction of the airflow

stops, fricatives, and affricates

produced with a relatively open passage for the airflow

nasals, glides, liquids, and vowels

Assimilation

Dissimiliation

Insertion

Deletion

Metathesis

Strengthening

Weakening

interchangeable in word-final position

Non-contrasitive

[p] and [p] (as an unreleased voiceless bilabial stop)

two sounds that may occur within the same environment 

Both sounds that are in contrastive variation and in free variation.

ONLY SOUNDS THAT ARE IN COMPLEMENTARY DISTRIBUTION DO NOT OVERLAP.

a class of speech sounds that seem to be variants of the same sound

EX: /t/ sounds in kitten, stop, top, little

All belong to a single class labeled by /t/

various ways a phoneme are pronounced

EX: /t/ class has 4 allophones

[t], aspirated [t], flap, and glottal stop

pair of words whose pronunciation differ by EXACTLY one sound and have DIFFERENT meanings.

the two sounds that vary are contrastive, and are allophones of different phonemes

pronunciation of the word varied depending on the base context it is in.

simply a difference between two (or more) phonetic forms you might expect to be otherwise related

alveolar stop

palatalization

vowel harmony

type of assimilation where alveolar stop assimilates to the place of articulation of a following consonant. 

EX: 'width', 'in this,' 'can bake'

special type of assimilation 

consonant becomes like a neighboring palatal

EX: Did you? becomes [dɪdʒu]

[t] to [t ʃ]

[d] to [dʒ]

[s] to [ʃ]

[k] to [t ʃ]

[g] to [dʒ]  

long distance assimilation

causes all the vowels within a word to harmonize or agree in some property such as rounding or backness

causes a segment not present at the phonemic level to be added to the phonetic form of the word

EX: voiceless stop insertion

an example of insertion, obviously

between a nasal consonant and a voiceless fricative, a voiceless stop with the same place of articulation as the nasal is inserted

EX: dance /dæns/ becomes [dænts]

strength /stɹɛŋθ/  becomes [stɹɛŋkθ]

eliminates a sound that was present at the phonemic level.

Rule more typically applies to unstressedsyllables in casual speech

/h/ deletion: "He handed her his hat"

/h/ drops in her & his.

change the order of sounds to follow rules of a language.

Chinese does vowel insertion to turn a word from CCC to CVCVC or CVCVCV

aka fortion

make sounds stronger

EX: Aspiration

voiceless stops become aspirated when they occur at the beginning of a stressed syllable

EX: the /t/ in top, the /k/ in cat.

aka lenition

causes a sound to become weaker

type of weakening where an alveolar stop is realized as a flap when it occurs after a stressed vowel and before an unstressed vowel.

EX: writer, rider

Insertion of [ə]  between two sibilants 

typically happens with pluralization fox goes to [fakəz] same with bridges

/-z/ takes on the voicing specification of the preceding sound

/kæt-z/  becomes [kæts]

phonological rules may be _______

or _________

apiration 

vowel nasalization

vowel lengthening

liquid & glide devoicing

Always apply regardless of dialect

may or may not apply in any given utterance

responsibile for variations in speech 

depends in part on rate and style of speech

1. look at the environments to find natural classes

2. look for complimentary gaps w/i the environments

3. state a generalization about the distribution of each of these sounds

4. determine the identity of the phoneme and its allophones

assumed to be the most approximation of the mental representation of the sound

Occurs most often within a language