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Definition
| induce emesis in response to acute poisoning |
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Definition
| adsorbent in response to acute poisoning |
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| forced diuresis in response to acute poisoning |
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Definition
heated chlorinated organic cmpds
STABLE, LIPID SOL---> accumulates in env.
1. binds CYTOSOLIC AhR---> into nucleus---> binds ARNT---> txn and epigenetic mod.---> "dioxin wants you to detox"---> increased CYP450 txn; CHLORACNE
2. disruption of Ca2+ homeostasis
sensitivity diff. among species |
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Definition
meta (Dioxin-like structure)---> high affinity to AhR---> Dioxin-like toxicity
versus ortho---> NOT good AhR ligand |
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| Estrogen agonists/antagonists (soy, esterol, TAMOXIFEN) |
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Definition
| binds NUCLEUR ER---> txn at EREs---> estrogenic responses |
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| volatile organic solvents (hydrocarbons, alcohols) |
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Definition
| inhaled goes straight to the brain!---> "drinking = shaky boundaries"---> alteration of membrane lipid bilayers, fluidity---> rapid CNS effects can also cause: hepato/hematopoietic (EPOXIDES)/retinal/reproductive toxicity and cancer |
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Definition
"Interferes with boundaries cause drunk and crazy"---> Intf. with Excitable Membrane
acute: depression; chronic: WERNICKE-KORSAKOFF'S
Liver: steatosis; hepatitis; cirrhosis (collagen deposition); portal HT |
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Definition
| "farmers are tired"---> ATP depletion "farmers use well water"---> WELL WATER---> infants have GI bacteria (at pH ~ 4)---> carry out conversion to nitrite; drugs; food Efx: "farmers who use nitrite fertilizer in brown dirt"---> BROWN BLOOD (cyanosis); hypotension; coma (70% METHB---> death from HYPOXIA and VASODILATION); NITROSAMINE formation---> cancer Tx: "nitrite compounds are usually blue in color"---> METHYLENE BLUE reduced---> transfers electrons to form Hb++ |
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Definition
"no more energy for the tigers"---> ATP depletion
salts; metal-related industry; RODENTICIDE; smoke inhalation; NITROPRUSSIDE metabolism
binds CYTOCHROME OXIDASE---> blks O2 reduction to H2O---> RAPID; LACK of cyanosis(increased pO2)
Tx:
100% pure oxygen;
SODIUM NITRITE---> forms MetHb---> pulls CN- off of CytOxidase;
THIOSULFATE---> soaks up free CN- |
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Term
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Definition
Bind macromolecules
Acetaminophen + CYP450---> NAPQI + GSH (glutathione)---> non-toxic mercapuric acid OR ---> NAPQI---> binds proteins---> TOXICITY!
Tx: N-Acetyl Cysteine---> donates sulfhydryl group: NAPQI---> mercapuric acid |
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Definition
Binds macromolecules
ASPERGILLUS mycotoxin contaminated grain; nuts
AFB1 + GSH---> conjugated to non-toxic form
OR:
+ CYP450---> endoEPOXIDE---> binds proteins and DNA---> acute hepatic injury (hepato and billiary necrosis); hepatocarcinogenesis |
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Definition
Bind macromolecules (Aflatoxin B-1 metabolite!)
+ epoxide hydrase--->NON-toxic metabolite + CYP450---> binds DNA---> replication errors---> |
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Definition
"lots of C in lipid membranes"---> Lipid peroxidation
inhaled CCl4---> free radical + unsat. lipid side chains---> free radical in membrane + O2---> LIPID PEROXIDATION---> loss of membrane integrity (cyclic process) |
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Definition
"herbicide, plants cut fat"---> Lipid peroxidation
PQ + O2---> O2- (superoxide)and H2O2---> OH* HYDROXYL RADICAL
Defense Mx: O2- + SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE---> H2O2 + GSH (via GS PEROXIDASE)---> H2O
other antioxidants: Vit. E (fat-sol.); Vit. C (water-sol.) |
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Term
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Definition
"fat pigs live in silos"---> Lipid peroxidation
SILOS; smog
direct irritant/oxidant---> HNO3/lipid peroxidation---> injury to ciliated epithelial cells---> SILO FILLERS DISEASE (bronchiolitis obliterans)---> VERY LITTLE required for toxicity |
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Term
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Definition
Selective cell death
MTPT: street drug---> DA neurons---> Parkinsons-like effects
Thalidomide--> fetal limb bud cells---> PHOCOMELIA |
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Definition
elemental: volatile (inhaled)---> BRONCHITIS; PNEUMITIS; GINGIVITIS; CNS: excitability, tremmor
inorganic (ingested)---> ulceration and necrosis
volatile; inorganic---> accumulation in KIDNEYS
organic (ingested)---> 90% absorbed!---> accumulation in BRAIN---> NEUROTOXICITY
Tx: HEMODIALYSIS; CHELATORS (Cysteine, Succimer) |
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Term
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Definition
ROS, membrane disruption, abnormal txn
policy = decreased exposure but KIDS still at risk
inhaled; GI (esp. KIDS)---> binds Hb---> to bone and across PLACENTA
"can be lead down the acute or chronic path"
ACUTE - RARE---> milky emesis; shock; neurological symptoms; hemolytic crisis; oligouria
CHRONIC---> kids: CNS---> lead palsy (WRIST DROP); lead encephalopathy;** adults: GI---> metallic taste---> lead colic; **Hematological: RNA aggregates in RBC's; anemia; **Renal; **Other---> GINGIVAL LEAD LINE
BLL>10--> enough to cause developmental abnormalities!
Tx: DIAZEPAM for seizures; supportve (MANNITOL and DEXAMETHAZONE for cerebral edema)---> chelation
SLOW renal clearance; LONG t1/2 |
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Term
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Definition
lipid peroxidation---> organellar damage---> GI issues; shock; acidosis; hepatic and renal injury
tablets; idiopathic; FREQUENT BLD TRNSFSNS
Tx: chelation; ASCORBATE (increased excretion) |
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Term
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Definition
binds heme---> COHb---> NOTICEABLE at 20% bound---> decreased O2 carrying capacity and decreased PvO2 = less O2 in tissues; but RESP. RATE STAYS CONSTANT; toxicity DEPENDS ON RESP. RATE---> CHERRY RED venous blood
Tx: O2 |
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Term
| Distinguish between pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics. |
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Definition
PHMgenetics: single gene variants and variable drug effects
PHMgenomics: role of inherited and acquired genetic variation in drug response; |
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