PATHOGENSIS

DEVELOPMENT OF DISEASES IN STAGES

Hirschsprung's Diseases

Congential condition

obstruction of distal colon

fails to pass meconium

bile stained or fecal vomitt

adb distented does not want to feed

Hirschsprungs Diseases

failure to thrive, obstinate constipation

vomitting /abd ditension

feverish, exsplosive watery diarrhea

ribbon like stools

foul smelling

malnurished and anemic

Hirschsprungs's Disease

The parasympathetic nerve ganglion cells are absent in

rectosigmoid area. Lack of peristalsis in affected colon and backup of fecal material. Males more likely to  a megacolon than females. increased with down symdorme, familial congenital disease

croup

Sysptoms

Horaresness

fever

harsh high pitch cough

stridor, grunting nose wheezing

pale skin blue arounf mouth

Viral disease involving larynx, trachea, and bronchi

edema, spasm of vocal cords

Treament

antipyretic agents

rest

increase fluid intake

cool humidification of air

antibotics for bacterial

hospitalization

intubation

Cystic Fibrosis

Cystic Fibrosis

sysptoms

attacks lungs and digestive system

sticky mucus

dry paroxysmal cough

pnuemonia

diarrhea

vomitting

bowel obstruction

Cystic fibrosis

Treatment

high-calorie

high sodium chloride diet

chest physiotherapy

pancreatic aid to digestion

broad spectrum antibotics

Opportunistic Infections

RBCS destroyed by antibodies.

B cells procduce antibodies

Sysptoms

fatigue

weakness

chills

fever

dyspnea

itching

skin pale jaundiced bruises easily

hypotensive

Diagnosis

Direct coombs test

Bilirubin levels increased

rbc, plt, hh decreased

Treatment

Costeriods

cytotoxic drugstransfusion

plasmaphersis

caused by chronic atrophic gastritis

decrease hydrochloric acid

intrinsic factor

impaired vit b12

deficiency of platelets

blood can not clot hemorraghe in the skin, membranes, oragns

petechiae spiderlike hemorrahges under surface of skin

epistaxis nosebleed

gastric bleeding

meorraghe

easy bursing

occur after viral infection rubella or mumps

corticosteriods

immuneglobin

transfusion

vit k

plasma exchange

decrease number of floating neutrophils

malasie

fatigue

weakness

fever

stomatitis

recurrent infections

resp infections

otis media

igg

blood plasma

antigen

neurtilizes toxins

crosses placenta to provide immunity for infant

rh reactions

attach to b cells

released into plasma during immune response

cause antigens to clump togethertransfusion reactions in ABD blood typing system

plasma cells in mucos membranes and tonsils

binds to mast cells and basophils release histamine responsible for allergic reaction.

antibodies received through placenta or breast mike

recieve antiserum from another host

inflammatory autoimmune disease

unusal antibodies in the blood that target tissues of the body. connective tissue disorder

butterfly rash or erythema on face

exposure to sum worsens condition

produces inflammation of the skins, joints, nevous system, kidneys, lungs and other organs.

fever, fatigue, joint pain and malise

women in 30-40

gentic

enviromental

hormonal

chronic progressive disease hardening of skin extremities, face, and trunk. autoimmune disease.

more often in women

internal organs

gastric tract

heart

lungs

kidneys

skin tough leathery

itch

Raynauds first sysptom of scleroderma

swelling, stiffness and pain in the joints

treatment

corticosteriods

vasodilators

immunosuppressive

pt

chronic inflammatory systemic disease effects joints. most severe form causing deformity and disability. effects women 3 times more than men.

heredity may play role

viral infection may trigger disease process

evaluated for sle

sjogrens syndrome

scleroderma

polymyositis

hormone disorders

cancer

antiflammatory drugs

aspirin

nsaids

corticosteriods

gold compounds

penicillamine

immunosuppressives

splints

weight loss fatigue low grade fever

general malaise

joint stiffness

edema pain

tenderness

fingers toes wrist knees ankles spine hips

begins 2-5

fevers and a rash

also known as still disease

fever in evening

poor appetiate

weight loss

salmon colored raash over limbs

anemia

swallon stiff and pain joints

neck, elbows, knees  and ankles

red painful swallow eyes

acute pericarditis

autoimmune disorder

inflammation of muscle fibers

effects ones closest to trunk or torrso

severe weakness

chronic illness

flares or relapes

remissions

autoimmune disorders

muscle ach tender to touch

mostly occurs in women

steriods

cyclophosphamide

methotrexate

exercise

inflammatory disease of the cns attacks myelin sheath a fatty substance covers most of the nerves in the brain and spinal cord.

virus

greater in white population

more often in women than men

weakness or numbness

optic neuritis

loss of vision

diplopia

unsteady gait

vertigo

diff urine

facial numbness

speech pain

dysphagia

hearing loss

impotence in men

fatigue

emtional dist

no cure

muscular weakness appearing frist in face

dropping eyelids

diplopia

diff talking, chewing, swallowing

paraylsis occurs

ventilation

sunlight, cold, infections, emtional stress worsen symptoms

restrict activity

bedrest

anticholinesterase drugs

liquid diet

pyridostigmine bromide

mestinon

corticosteriods

Thyroid gland disease

Graves disease

Hyperthryroidism

Antigens stimulate the hyperactivity of the thyroid gland

t3 t4 tsh levels

Goiter

eyes bug

nervousness, rapid heartbeat, insomnia

HORMONE PRODUCTION BELOW NORMAL

FATIGUE,COLD INTORELANCE, SCONSTIPATION, DRY FLAKY SKIN

IODINE DEFICIENCY

OVER ACTIVITY OF ONE OR MORE OF THE FOUR PARATHYROID GLANDS

INCREASE BREAKDOWN OF THE BONE BY EXCEAAIVE RELEASE OF CALCIUM(HYPERCALEMMIA)

MUSCLE WEAKNESS, ATROPHY, GASTROINTESTINAL PAIN, NV, DEFECTS OF HEART, LOW BACK PAIN, RENAL CALCULI

ADRENAL GLAND DISEASE

CUSHINGS DISEASE

HYPERSECRETION OF ADRENAL CORTEX CORTISOL LEVELS.(ACTH)

fATIGUE, MUSCLE WEAKNESS, FAT DEPOSITS BUFFALO HUMP PROTUTRUDING ABD SALT AND WATER RETENTION

MOON FACE

HYPERLIPIDEMIA, OSTEOPOROSIS, ATHERSCLEROSIS

STYE

INFLAMMATORY INFECTIONS OF THE SEBACEOUS GLANDS OF EYELID

PAIN, SWELLING, REDNESS, AND FORMATION OF PUS

STAPHYLOCCOCCAL INFECTION

SMALL PAINLESS LOCALIZED SWELLING ON THE MARGIN OR BODY OF EYELIDOCCULSION OF MEIBOMIAN GLAND.

INFECTED, REDNESS, SWELLING, AND PAIN

INFLAMMATION OF THE MARGINS OF THE EYELIDS INVOLVING HAIR FOLLICLES AND GLANDS

REDNESS AND CRUSTING AROUND EYELIDS

ITCHING, BURNING, OR FOREIGN BODY SENSATION, EYELASHES MAY FALL OUT.

MUCUS MEMBRANE THAT COVERS THE ANTERIOR PORTION OF THE EYEBALL AND ALSO LINES THE EYELIDS

REDNESS, SWELLING,, ITCHING, TEA

PICK EYER EXCESSIVILY, SENSITIVE TO LIGHT

separtion of retina from the choroid

associated with a retinal tear or a hole

pt see floaters and light flaashes

drak shadow

central vision blocked

no pain

people who are nearsighted

ocular trauma

Major cause of blindness

damage to optic nerve

elevated introcular pressure

distortion of central vision

painless

does not effect peripheral vision

both eyes are effected

most common cause of blindness

treatment

vit supplements a,c,e and zinc

disorder of the retinal vessels

major cause of blindness

microanuersyms, hemorraghes, dilation of retinal veins and abnormal new vessels

diabetes causes poor circulation

leakage of exudate into retina

blood leakage into vitreous humor

inflammation of the skin

pruritus, erythema, and cutaneous lesions

idopathic

emtional stress

yeastlike organism pityrosporum

craddle cap

hives associated with severe itching apprearance of reddness and area of swelling

can cause asphyxiation if hives develop in the pharyneal mucosa

reactions to food, insect stings or drugs

shingles

acute inflammatory dermatomal eruption extremely painful

common contagious superficial skin infection

pustular lesions

thick yellow crust

streptococcus or staphylococcus

insect bites scabies

poor hygine

anemia

malnutrition

good hygine is esstenial

boil

involves fair follicle and adjacent subcutaneous tissue

inflammed hair

area red and swallow painful

erythema and edema

extremely common

poor ressitance poor hygene

 bacterial infection

staphylococcus s aureas

often occurs in lower part of body

erythema, pitting edema

skin tender and hot

streaks proximalrun alonf lymph glands

inflammatory reactio of hair follicles produces erythemic, pustular lesions

thigh and buttocks

bacterial staphylococcus aureus

hpv infection

warts, plantar warts, flat warts

small hard white or pink with califlower like surface

caused by viruses

infection in skin around a nail

bactrial or fungi

muscle fiber protien

provide bulk to body hold body parts in place

40% of boddy mass

206 bones

support system

protect organs

blood formed in bone marrow

spinal disorder

outward curvature of spine of thoraic spine

asymptomatic until hump appears

mild pain

tenderness along spine

shoulders rounded and heads protudes outward

younfg childern

developmental

related to scheuermanns disease

tumors

tubercolosis

lateral curvature

congenital

bra line uneven

sob

shoulders uneven

osteoporosis

idiopathic most common form

deformaties of vertebra

uneven leg lenghts

muscle degenerationn

paralysis

poliomyelitis

cerbral palsy

muscular dystrophy

arthritis from breakdown and eventual loss of cartilage of one or more joints

degenerative disease

most common form of arthritis

cannot be cure

homonal disorders diabetes and obseity

spirochete bacterium

tick bite

efects skin, joints, heart and nervous system

red bulleye

flu like systoms

headache, feever, fatigue, joint pain

inflammation of the bursa

tenderness pain whenn moving affected part

flexion and extension limitation

most affected shoulders, elbow, knee and hip

between tendons and muscles

infection of the bone

inflammation, swelling, localized heat redness pain and local tenderness over and around the effected bone

abcess may devlope

staphylococcus aureus is the bacterial organism responsible for 90%

virus and fungi

strep throat

chronic disorder of uric acid metabolism that manifest as an acute episode of arthritis

renal disfunction hyperuricemia and renal calculi

men more effectede

drug therapy chemotherapy for maglimant diseases

chronic bone disorder

causes bones to weaken

bone pain, arthritis bone deformaty and fractures

also know as osteitis deformans

inherited condition abnormal connective tissue with weakness of blood vessels and excessive length of the extremities and digits

subluxation of the lens of eye and heart

chromose 15

maybe confused with homocystinuria

loss of normal bone density

sponge

often more in women then men

most common metabolic bone disease

imbalance of breakdown of old bone anfd new bonne

lack of estrogen, smoking, raditaion tx and rheumatiod arthritis

calcium increase

calcium cqarbonate

sodium fluoride

phosphate supp

vits ecspecially d

estrogen

fosmax

actonel

calcitonin

inflamation of tendon

prolong and activity improper calcium deposits

oral inflammatorys and ice steriods

entrapment and compression of the median nerve causes pain and numbness in the wrist, hands and fingers

inflammed from overuse

gerd

regurgitation occuring at night heartburn

vomitus in mouth burning in chest or mouth

dyspagia, erosion, bleeding

mimik angia pectoris

blood in sputum

hiatal hernia

theophyalline

calcium channel blockers

meperidine

foods

coffee

alcohol

birth control

asthma

heartburn, indigestion, midepigastric pain, hungerlike

nv, bleeding, vomit, occult

helicobater pylori

Abdominal pain naval localizes in the RLQ

Nasuea, vomit, fever, diarrhea or constipation

maximal tenderness of the abd at Mcburneys point

rebound tenderness opposite side

lymphoid hyperplasia

viral illness

gastroenteritis

fecaliths

parasites

crohns disease

metastatic cancer

bacteria

organ protudes through abnormal opening

inguinal canal common site

gangrene

umbilicus common site

trauma or increased pressurefrom heavy lifting or pregnancy

inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestional tract

ileitis, regional enteritis, and ileocolitis

all lyers of the bowel wall are edematous and inflammed

mouth to anus may be effected

Mimic appendicitis

chronic dirrhea, crampy, abd pain RLQ, weight loss, nausea anorexia

fissures and fistulas may develope

incurable

inflammatory bowel disease affecting mucosa and submucosa of the rrectum and colon.

whites and jewish people

bloody dirrhea, cramping, urgency to defecate and mucoid stools watery contain blood, mucus and pus

hallmark sign frequent bloody stool

defects in the muscular wall of large bowel

abdomial distress, difficulty defecating

inflammation of the peritoneum chronic or acute

abdominal pain NV weakness profuse sweeting distended abd

bloodborne organism

appendicitis diverticulitis perforated peptic ulcer and perforated gallbladder

wound to abd

escherichia coli

varicose dilations of a vein in the anal canal or anorectal area. Tumor like lesions an anal area

rectal pain, itching, protusion, bleeding after defecation

more common in men

detoriation of liver

loss of appetiate and weight, NV, indegestion, abd distension acistes and edema

burse and bleedeasily more nosebleeds

skin jaudiced. Small red spidery marksappear on face

hepatic failure and death

Highly contagious mild liver infection

only hep that causes spiking fever

Hepatitis B

Mimic flu, liver inflamation

blood semen vaginal secretions and saliva

sexual contact exchange of blood

healthcare workers at risk

mother to child blood transfusion acuputure and tattoos

most common bloodborne infection

blood and body fluids

no cure

healthcare

Gallstones

Calculi

Inflammation of the gallbladder

jaundice, clay colored stool, drak urineRLscapular egion

disease of small intestine, gluten intorlerance, damage to lining of intestine

weight loss, anorexia, abd cramping, dirrhea, abd distension, intestinal bleeding, muscle wasting, skin rash, large pale, greasy, foul smelling stools

genetic

lifelong gluten free diet

Nosebleed

vertigo

increase pulse

drop in blood pressure

sob

nose picking

coughing or spitting up blood

blood striked sputum

blood clot or other material lodges in and occludes an artery in pulmonary circulation

cough chest pain fever

mimic heart attack

pump by righr side of heart

inflammation of lungs

cough, fever, sob, chills, sweating, chest pain, cyanosis, blood in sputum

viral and bacterial

area of contained infectious material in lung

lower portion of lungs and in right lung

fever, bloody and foul smelling sputum chest discomfort

decrease breath sounds

pontiac fever

pnuemonia caused by bacterium legionella pneumophila

acute resp tract infection

warm enviroments not contagious

contaminated aerolsolized water droplets

AC, cooling towers, whirlpool, showers

smoking copd alcoholism

high contagious acute viral disease annual outbreaks

upper/lower resp tract

orthomyxovirus types A,B,C

Acute Bronchitis

chronic

inflammation of mucous membranes lining the bronchi

deep presitant cough

thick yellow to gray sputum

sob wheezing pain upper chest aggravated by cough

chronic inflammation worse and presist

common cold or viral infection

wheezing productive cough

diffculty breathing

long term dust inhalation

asbestosis

most common form

exposure to asbestosis

fibrosis of lungs

black lung or coal miners lung

carbon deposits

inhaling smoke or coal dust

stone masos or metal grinders or work in quarries

inhaling silica dust

dense fibrosis of the lungs and emphysema resp inpairment

inflammation of membranes surrounding the lungs linning the pleural cavity

sharp needlelike pain increase with inspiration and coughing

wet and dry

collection of air and gas in the plueral cavity results in collapse lung

severe sob, sharp chest pain falling blood pressure rapid weak pulse shallow weak respirations

fowwlers position

chronic acute infection of lungs by mycobacterium tuberculosis

spread by droplet nuclei

ppd test

glandular fever acute herpesvirus infection

lymphadenopathy fever peaks in afternoon

tonsils coated with debris

caused by epstien virus herpesvirus

carried in salvia

kissing blood transfusion

invloves arteries suppling myocardium

narrowed by atheroscleronic deposits

cardiac ishemia

mi

hdl levels reduced

chest pain after excertion reduced oxygen supply to the myocardium

left sided chest pain radiate to left arm or back

death of myocardial tissue caused by ischemia

severe substernal pain or left sided pain

left or right arm back jaw

abnormal blood pressure

stress age heredity smoking obseity sedentary lifestyle\poor dietary habits

diurectis betaadregenic blockers calcium channel blocker ace

right sided heart disease

distended neck veins edema of the extermities

liver enlarged and tender

pilmonary disease and pulmonary hypertension

fluid shift into the extravascular spaces of the lungs

bloody frothy sputum

blood pressure falls

skin cold and clammy

occur at night after laid down

left sided heart failure

MVD, PE, hypertension, arrythmias renal failure

inflammation cardiac muscle enlargement

sysptoms of CHF

inflammation of the sac enclosing and protecting the heart

pounding heart

idiopathic

viruses bacteria

rheumatic fever

inflammation of the muscular walls of the heart

pathogenic invasion or toxic insult

viral, bacterial, fungal pr protozoal infection

toxic agents, alcholics, radiation, chemical poising

inflammatory and autoimmune disease involving joints and cardiac tissue

foolows sore throat group a beta hemolytic streptococcus

follows rheumatic fever

vegetations enlarged on valves causing stenosis

strp throat

dilation of the wall of an atery

most caommon abd

atherosclerotic plaque weakens vessel wall

swoolen, tortuous and knotted veins occur in the lower legs

twisted

macrocytic anemia rbc larger than normal

hemoglobin reduced

hereditary hemolytic anemia black race

hemoglobin S/A

overproduction of immature lymphoid cells

pale bone pain, weight loss, sore thoroat, night sweats and weakness bleding of gingiva

chromosmes 12,3,16

frequent viral and fungal infections

waxes and wanes

acute myeloid

most common adult leukemia

20 childhood

rapid progression neoplasm of cells

cancer of the bodys lymphatic system

enlarged lymp nodes in neck

reed sternburgs cell

large cell with two or more nuclei

hereditary bleeding disorder

prolongred bleddings

brusing hematomas

nosebleeds

xlinked genetic disorder in males

mother to son

no cure

inflammation swelling of glomeruli

streptococcal bacterial infection of throat or skin

proteinuria protien in urine, edema, decreased urine volume, hematuria, dark urine coffee colored+

childern and adolescents

reduction in renal function

nitrogernous waste products clinical emergency cllect in blood

dimished blood flow to kidney

dialysis

sodium and potassium intake controlled

most common type of renal disease inflammation of renal pelvic and connective tissue of one or both kidneys

caused by infection, pregnecy or renal calculi

pus, abscess

uti fowl order to urine hematuria and pyuria

escherichia coli

women more at risk due to sexual activity or poor hygine

catherization

abnormal dialtion of renal pelvis caused by pressure from urine that cannot flow past obstruction

right kidney affected

stones in kidneys

excessive amounts of calcium or uric acid present in blood

males more prone

hyperparathyroidism and gout

avoid food high in oxalates purine and phos

choco, coffee, cola, nuts, beer, beef, cheese, milk

inflammation of urine bladder?/uretha most common form of uti

pressure in pelvis

burning cessation

urine may be dark yellow or pink

bacterial invasion of urinary tract

most coomon ecoli, klebsillea, enterobacter, proteus

sexually tramsitted diseases

foul order

normal rema; tissue is replaced with gapelike cyts, enlarged kidney

inhereited

no cure dialysis kidney transplant

dysfunction of urinary bladder control diffculty emptying bladder or incontence

insult to the brain, spinal cord or nerves supplying lower urinary tract

trauma or disease

catherzation

painless hematuria

enviromental exposures

aniline dyes or diseal exhust cirgatte smoking

parrascitic worm schistosoma haematobium

collection or mass of blood forms betwen skull and the dura matter

sudden headache, dilated pupils, nauseau vomitting inceased drowsiness hemipaaresis

unconsciousness, coma, death

detoriateion rapid emergency

loses consciouness

bursing of the cerebal tissue caused by back and forth movement of head

blunt force trauma

loss og consciousness knocked out

blow to head or falling

loss of consciousness to coma

drowsy, lethargic, hostile or combative

onesided paralysis

blow to head against hard surface automobuile accident

shearing force or twisting against two hemisphers of the brain colliding with cranial bones damage structures deep within the brain skull fracture

loss of nerve function below waist and paralysis of the lower trunck and legs

trunk of body and lower extermities

loss of bowel, bladder and sexual function

loss of nerve function at the cervical region paraylsis of arms hands, trunk and legs

partial or total parylisis in upper limbs

severe headaches NV anorexia intense hemicranial or bilateral throbbing pain and visual signs flashing lights, zigzagging lines or areas of total darkness photophiboa irrablilty numbness tingling mental confussion

inhereted genetic foods

slowly progressive neurologic disorder pinrolling tremoe of the thumb and forfinger posture stoppedshuffling gait head is bowed body flexed forwarded

effects more men

ingestion of posion after encephalitis major tranquilzers

Lou Gehrig disease

muscluar atrophy

weakness involuntary muscular contractions of the hands and arms

no cure

degenration of perphial nerves

severe infection chronic alcohol intoxication

skin glossy red appearance footdrop

disorder of facial nerve 7th cranial nerve

weakness or paraylsis of facial nerves

drooping of mouth drooling of salvia

blockage of facial nerve

inflammation of meninges

shaking of head

kernigs sign rest leg extinsion

brudzinkis sign neck flexion

bacterial or viral

orginates from brian spinal cord or sinsues