Term
|
Definition
-Restoration of the brain and body
-energy conservation
-memory consolidation/learning |
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Term
| Symptoms of moderate sleep deprivation |
|
Definition
-Impaired concentration
-irritability
-tremors
-unpleasant mood
-decreased immune system function |
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Term
| Symptoms of chronic sleep deprivation |
|
Definition
-Obesity
-stress disorders
-immune system failure
-increased metabolic rate, appetite, and temperature
-decrease in overall brain activity |
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Term
| Evolutionary Theory of Sleep |
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Definition
| The function of sleep is to conserve energy by decreasing body temperature and muscle activity. (similar to the hibernation of animals) |
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Term
| How long is optimal sleep time? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| It enhances learning, memory, and performance on newly-learned tasks |
|
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Term
| How does sleep enhance performance on a newly-learned task? |
|
Definition
| Increased brain activity occurs in the area of the brain activated by a newly-learned task |
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Term
| Activation-synthesis hypothesis |
|
Definition
| dreams begin with spontaneous activity in pons --> Pons activates many parts of the cortex --> cortex synthesizes story from pattern of activation --> normal sensory info. can't compete with self generated stimulation, and "hallucinations" result |
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Term
| Clinico-anatomical hypothesis |
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Definition
| Dreams are similar to thinking, just under unusual circumstances: Dreams begin with arousing stimuli within the brain --> stimulation is combined with recent memories and current sensory stimulation |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| endogenous circannual rhythms |
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Definition
| internal mechanisms that operate on an annual cycle (i.e. bird migratory patterns) |
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Term
| Endogenous Circadian rhythms |
|
Definition
| internal mechanisms that operate on an approximate 24-hour cycle |
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|
Term
| Examples of circadian rhythms |
|
Definition
-sleep/wake cycle
-frequency of eating & drinking
-body temperature
-secretion of hormones
-volume of urination
-sensitivity to drugs |
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Term
|
Definition
| rhythm that occurs when no stimuli reset or alter it |
|
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Term
|
Definition
sunrise = light + increasing temperature
Sunset = dark + decreasing temperature |
|
|
Term
| purpose of circadian rhythm |
|
Definition
to keep our internal working in phase with the outside world
--->light is critical for periodically resetting it |
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Term
|
Definition
| term used to describe any stimulus that resets circadian rhythms (exercise, noise, meals, temp., etc.) |
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Term
|
Definition
| disruption of circadian rhythm due to crossing time zones |
|
|
Term
| Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) |
|
Definition
-Part of the hypotalamus that is the main control center of circadian rhythms for sleep & temperature
-it's genetically controlled & independently generates circadian rhythm |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| how light reaches and resets the SCN |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| endocrine gland located posterior to the thalamus |
|
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Term
| SCN regulates what gland? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| functions of the pineal gland |
|
Definition
| secretes melatonin (hormone that increases sleepiness) |
|
|
Term
| How many stages of sleep are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| when sleep has just begun; brain activity begins to decline |
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Term
|
Definition
| characterized by the presence of sleep spindles and k-complexes |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| 12- to 14-Hz waves during a burst that lasts at least half a second |
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Term
|
Definition
| a sharp high-amplitude negative wave followed by a smaller, slower positive wave |
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Term
|
Definition
constitute slow-wave sleep
-slowing of heart rate, breathing rate, and brain activity
-highly synchronized neuronal activity |
|
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Term
|
Definition
characterized by rapid eye movements
-Paradoxical sleep because EEG waves resemble awake state
-strongly associated with dreaming
-Brain actively paralyzes you in this time |
|
|
Term
| Duration of full sleep cycle |
|
Definition
90 min
-sleep stages change as the night progresses: deep sleep stages (3&4) get shorter; REM sleep gets longer |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Stages 1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, REM |
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|
Term
| Possible functions of REM |
|
Definition
-Brain may discard useless connections
-learned motor skills may be consolidated
-oxygen may be delivered to corneas |
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Term
|
Definition
| inability to fall asleep or stay asleep |
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Term
|
Definition
| periodic inability to breathe while sleeping |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| obesity, growth in windpipe, weak lungs, deterioration of brain mechanisms that control breathing |
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Term
|
Definition
| noise, stress, pain medication, epilepsy, Parkinson's, depression, anxiety, etc. |
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Term
|
Definition
| frequent periods of sleepiness |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-gradual or sudden attack of sleepiness
-cataplexy
-sleep paralysis
-hypnagogic hallucinations |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| muscle weakness triggered by strong emotions |
|
|
Term
| hypnagogic hallucinations |
|
Definition
| dreamlike experiences the person has difficulty distinguishing from reality |
|
|
Term
| periodic limb movement disorder |
|
Definition
| repeated involuntary movement of the legs and arms while sleeping |
|
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Term
|
Definition
acting out dreams
-mainly affects elderly men with brain diseases
-presumed cause: Damage to pons |
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Term
|
Definition
| experiences of intense anxiety from which a person awakens screaming in terror |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs in both REM and NREM sleep |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| runs in families, mostly occurs in young children in stage 3 or 4 sleep |
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|
Term
| An emotional state has 3 aspects |
|
Definition
1. Cognition
2. Readiness for action
3. Feeling |
|
|
Term
| "Ready for action" aspect of emotion |
|
Definition
| Product of the autonomic nervous system |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Autonomic arousal & skeletal actions occur before an emotion (not a lot of support for this, but certain body actions may slightly influence emotion) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| emotion occurs before autonomic arousal & skeletal actions |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| forebrain areas surrounding the thalamus; traditionally regarded as critical for emotion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-part of the limbic system
-involved in many emotions and motivations
-processes fear, anger, and pleasure |
|
|
Term
| When you think "limbic system," think these parts of the brain |
|
Definition
| amygdala, frontal lobe, temporal lobe |
|
|
Term
| Do emotions tend to be localized in specific parts of the cortex? |
|
Definition
| Nope. A single emotion can increase activity in various parts of the brain |
|
|
Term
| What emotion does appear to be localized? |
|
Definition
| disgust in the insular cortex (primary taste cortex), but it can become activated even if the stimulation is NOT taste |
|
|
Term
| Behavioral Activating System (BAS) |
|
Definition
| the frontal and temporal areas of the left hemisphere |
|
|
Term
| Behavioral Inhibition System |
|
Definition
frontal and temporal areas of the RIGHT hemisphere
-especially activated by unpleasant emotions
-damage causes problems identifying emotions of others |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Help make decisions (especially moral decisions) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
septum in limbic system (connection from frontal lobe to amygdala)
-causes inhibition in aggression (septal rage) |
|
|
Term
| What specific behaviors influence stress? |
|
Definition
| Diet, smoking, exercise, stressful experiences, etc. |
|
|
Term
| Hans Selye's definition of stress |
|
Definition
| the non-specific response of the body to any demand made upon it |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| muscle fatigue, teeth grinding, upset stomach, dizziness, irritability, anger, nervousness, crying, sleep impairments. |
|
|
Term
| How does prolonged stress affect the physical body? |
|
Definition
| When there's a prolonged increase of cortisol, it detracts from the synthesis of proteins in the immune system. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A physiological or psychological demand that is negative or damaging in nature |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| positive or uplifting in nature |
|
|
Term
| General Adaptation Syndrome Stages |
|
Definition
-Alarm Stage
-Resistance Stage
-Exhaustion Stage |
|
|
Term
| Alarm Stage of General Adaptation Syndrome |
|
Definition
The body is activated to combat a stressor (fight or flight)
-if everything is ok, homeostasis occurs; if not, move to the next stage |
|
|
Term
| Resistance Stage of the general adaptation syndrome |
|
Definition
The body is still trying to fight, and chronic stress begins
**can go into shock in this stage
-the body tries to adapt, but essentially runs out of fuel (heart palpitations, ulcers, etc.) |
|
|
Term
| Exhaustion Stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome |
|
Definition
The body's used up all its fuel
--death can occur |
|
|
Term
| Stress activates 2 systems in the body |
|
Definition
1. autonomic nervous system
2. HPA axis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hypothalamus Pituitary Adrenal Axis
--hypothalamus directly activates the sympathetic nervous system
--->immediate response: adrenal glands release adrenaline and noradrenaline (increases HR & BP)
--activates the limbic system and selective attention at the same time |
|
|
Term
| Other areas activated by the HPA axis: |
|
Definition
| pituitary gland, thyroid gland, and pancreas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell-signaling protein molecules that produce symptoms of illness to force the body to rest |
|
|
Term
| How can stress be harmful to the hippocampus? |
|
Definition
| hippocampal neurons are sensitive to increased metabolic activity and are likely to sustain damage from toxins of overstimulation |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| When a condition stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus and automacally results in an unconditioned response (Pavlov) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| reinforcement or punishment strengthen or weaken a behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Events that increase the porbability that the response will occur |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Events that decrease the probability that the response will occur |
|
|
Term
| To increase a desired behavior |
|
Definition
-present positive reinforcement
-remove negative punishment |
|
|
Term
| To decrease an unwanted behavior |
|
Definition
-present positive punishment
-remove negative reinforcement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all parts of the cortex contribute equally to complex behaviors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the cortex works as a whole, not as solitary isolated units |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| searched for physical representations of what is learned in the brain (engrams) and gained 2 key principles: equilpotentiality and mass action |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in the cortex and some evidence supports the cerebellum (LIP) |
|
|
Term
| Hebb's two types of memory |
|
Definition
Short-term memory
long-term memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-prefrontal cortex (planning, attention, "executive" functioning)
-emphasis on temorary storage of info to actively attend to it & work on it for a period of time. |
|
|
Term
| Older people often have impairments in working memory because |
|
Definition
-of assumed prefrontal cortex changes
-->declining activity of the prefrontal cortex is associated with decreasing memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| loss of memory resulting from damage to the hippocampus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Loss of the ability to form new memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| loss of memory events prior to the occurrence of the brain damage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deliberate recall of information that one recognizes as a memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The influence of recent experience on behavior without realizing one is using memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Critical for declarative memory
2. Critical for spacial memory
3. Important for configural learning & binding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| learning the features of things |
|
|
Term
| lateralization of function |
|
Definition
| refers to the idea that each hemisphere of the brain is specialized for different functions (division of labor) |
|
|
Term
| What are some crossover points between the two hemispheres of the brain? |
|
Definition
Main: corpus callosum
-anterior commissure and hippocampal commissure (brief delay here; the smaller the commissure, the longer the delay) |
|
|
Term
| Which hemisphere is specialized for language? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Purpose of corpus callosum |
|
Definition
| to allow each hemisphere to receive information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| half of the axons of each eye cross to the opposite side of the brain. |
|
|
Term
| How does damage to the corpus callosum affect the brain? |
|
Definition
| it interferes with the exchange of information between hemispheres |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a condition characterized by repeated episodes of excessive synchronized neural activity mainly due to decreased release of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1.can use hands independently
2. Respond differently to stimuli presented to only one side of the body |
|
|
Term
| Big names in split-brained phenomena |
|
Definition
Sperry & Gazzinga
-->found some crossover in smaller commissures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| generally better at perceiving emotions & spatial relationships |
|
|
Term
| damage to the right hemisphere causes |
|
Definition
| difficulty perceiving others' emotions, failure to understand sarcasm & a monotone voice |
|
|
Term
| Damage to the left hemisphere |
|
Definition
| increases ability to accurately judge emotion |
|
|
Term
| In general the left hemisphere focuses more on ___________ and the right hemisphere focuses more on _____________. |
|
Definition
visual details
visual patterns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
area of the temporal cortex that is larger on the left side (usually)
-->related to language |
|
|
Term
| Evolution and physiology of language |
|
Definition
1. human language is a complex form of communication
2. compared to other species, human language has high productivity
3. human language is probably a modification of behavior also found in other species |
|
|
Term
| How does the use of language by chimps differ from human language? |
|
Definition
-Use of symbols lacks productivity
-Use of symbols is primarily used to request and not describe.
-Production of requests is better than understanding others’ requests. |
|
|
Term
| Productivity (in language) |
|
Definition
| the ability to produce new signals to represent new ideas |
|
|
Term
| What species of chimpanzees most closely resemble humans in language? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why study nonhuman language ability? |
|
Definition
-insights to how best to teach language to those who do not learn it easily
-indicates that language evolved from a precursor found in other species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| characterized by mental retardation but skillful use of language. |
|
|
Term
| Major depression symptoms |
|
Definition
-loss of pleasurable feelings
-feelings of worthlessness
-recurrent thoughts of death
-decreased concentration
-difficulty making decisions
-depressed mood
-basic bodily processes disrupted |
|
|
Term
| basic bodily functions that can be affected by major depression |
|
Definition
-sleep
-appetite
-circadian disruptions
-weight loss/gain
-decreased motor activity
-loss of energy (anergia) |
|
|
Term
| Risk factors for major depression |
|
Definition
-having a relative (esp. female) diagnosed before age 30
-early negative events
-decreased ability of brain to synthesize/reuptake serotonin in some
-stress? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
older drug therapy for depression
-->prevent pre-synaptic neurons from re-absorbing serotonin or catecholamines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Monoamaine oxidase Inhibiors
-->block monoamine oxidase
--->more neurotransmitters in the synapses longer
--->risks hypertension |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
-->block reuptake of serotonin after its release |
|
|
Term
| Atypical depression therapies |
|
Definition
-Buproprion (wellbutrin)--dopamine & norepinephrine
-Placebo effects: 30% improve
-Psychotherapy
-Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Rapid changing of moods
--Mania to depression
--larger than normal amygdala
--decreased # of neurons in pre-frontal cortex |
|
|
Term
| Treatment for Bi-Polar Disorder |
|
Definition
-lithium (mood stabilizer)
-anti-convulsants
**both block arachidonic acid |
|
|
Term
| Seasonal Affective Disorder |
|
Definition
occurs mainly during winter
-->light therapy increases serotonin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Develops early to mid 20s
-affects men & women
-severe & persistent neurological disorder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| perception, thinking, emotions, language, and social behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| missing a normal behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the appearance of abnormal behaviors |
|
|
Term
| Common brain abnormalities in schizophrenic patients |
|
Definition
-larger than normal lateral ventricles
-less activity on the left hemisphere
-smaller left hemisphere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| schizophrenia is due to too much dopamine at some of the dopamine synapses |
|
|
Term
| function of older anti-psychotics |
|
Definition
block dopamine receptors
-->can cause movement problems (EPS) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| repetitive, involuntary movements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| symptoms that mock Parkinson's |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscle spasms, abnormal postures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inability to remain still |
|
|
Term
| 2nd generation anti-psychotics |
|
Definition
-Increase release of glutamate
-Block 1 serotonin receptor type/block some dopamine receptors
-Cause weight gain but no horrible EPS
-Help alleviate both positive & negative symptoms
-Some risk of immune system damage |
|
|
Term
| Deficient Glutamate hypothesis |
|
Definition
| There’s deficient activity at some glutamate synapses, especially in frontal lobe |
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|
