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| the ability of humans to look at who/what we are and how things are around us in our lives and the ability to make choices pertaining to our future |
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| to prove something is true you need evidence/facts that are relevant and presented in a logical way and if that is done correctly it will then be unable to be considered wrong |
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person/people who believe humanity has finally come of age and there is no more necessary use for religion w/ humanity
believe we outgrow the need for religion |
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| What is the philosophy of religion? |
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1.the attempt to think hard and deep about fundamental questions
2.critical reflection on religious beliefs and the answers religion gives to the fundamental questions
critical reflection on religious questions and beliefs that can be engaged in by thinkers who are not themselves religious and committed religious thinkers |
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judgement based on relevent data
-letting evidence form the basis for judgement |
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| something that we see that happens but we dont know why; it just happens |
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| rich human phenomenon that has many different aspects and studied in many different ways in which the phenomenon touches on the whole of human existance |
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| the search for wisdom or knowledge in which one seeks truth about or within religious beliefs |
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"one cannot arrive at true religious beliefs as a result of rational reflection. the starting place for any correct thinking about religion is genuine faith, a personal commitment"
Mistake of the fideist is to overestimate the impact of unbelief |
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| What do fideists believe? |
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-faith is the precondition for any correct religious thinking
-the unbeliever's only hope is first to believe and then perhaps come to see the reasonableness of belief.
*can only understand if you believe creating an "enclosed world of commitment"
*"commit yourself and you will see what i say is true" but many people say this about many different commitments
*you cannot completely rule out reason |
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our critical thinking will be likely to help us towards the truth only if it is completely impartial and unbiased
-is it possible to be completely impartial/unbiased of something?
-is it desirable to be neutral? |
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| What do neutralists believe? |
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-insist religious thinking must be prsuppositionless
-must put aside all commitments |
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-all the same
-having no preference |
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(1596-1650) Attempted to realize the ideal of pure objectivity by subjecting all of his beliefs to doubt. "I think therefore I am"
attempted to prove the existence of God w his basis of knowledge, this did not work because we have to accept some things to be true in life without questioning or doubt |
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the willingness to test ones commitments
Dialogue allows for those involved to be honest with their beliefs to others and requires a willingness to see if the evidence they pose is really best interpreted and explained according to their own theory
If one genuinely believes that God is real, one will not be afraid to examine alternate views and listen to problems and objections raised by others |
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believe that there exists a plurality of Gods where they relate to them as people, they are not human beings, but they are personal
ie) Greek mythology, tribal beliefs |
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| (early judaism)(heno=greek for one) another form of polytheism where they recognize many Gods but they restrict their allegiance to one God |
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| (christianity) the belief in one God |
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(hinduism) (pan=all gods) believe everything is in God but God is greater.
ie) everything is god, even blades of grass |
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| form of both polytheism and henotheism |
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(latin word for God) believed that there is a God, but that God doesnt have anything to do with the world. In this belief, there are no miracles
-Thomas Jefferson= deist |
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| Holds that the truth about God cannot be or is not known and that people should therefore hold judgement. They are unsure and dont know, therefore they can never be right. |
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| (no theism=no god) do not believe there is a God. They know that they are wrong but they feel like the evidence they have is right. can also be referred to as neutralism |
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| activity carried on within religion where the theologian looks at religious beliefs from within as an adherent of the religious tradition |
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| Difference between religious philosophy and the philosophy of religion |
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religious philosophy-philosophical thinking which is religious in inspiration and direction
philosophy of religion-thinking about religion that can be carried out by both religious and non religious thinkers |
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| Whether critical reflection about religious beliefs is presumptuous depends on two things: |
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1. Whether God, if real, wants humans to reflect upon religious truths
• If God had forbidden humans to think critically about such questions than it may have been impious to do so provided one had some way of knowing the prohibition
• Our ability to think alone is a gift from God
2. The manner in which the thinking is carried out
• A person who sincerely wants to know whether God is real, who recognizes fallibility and possibly bias of their own thinking, who understands that it is unlikely that they will fully understand God, and who does not rule out the possibility of a revelation would hardly appear to be presumptuous |
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Human thinking is very much affected by nonrational factors such as past experiences, emotions, childhood, education, ideas/attitudes of peers, etc.
- Seems almost impossible to put aside all extrinsic factors
cannot fully work because we are never fully free of bias or partiality and it places impossible demands on rational reflection |
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genuine knowledge that must consist of truths which as known with absolute certainty
One must have a conclusive reason for thinking it is true and one must know that this reason is a good one |
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| Two key questions about the concepts of god for the philosophy of religion |
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is it reasonable to believe in a god?
if so, what kind of god should be believed in? |
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"all powerful"
he possesses all power that a being can possibly have |
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"all knowing"
he knows everything that is possible for a being to know |
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| his goodness is unsurpassable |
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| What does it mean to say God’s greatness is infinite or unlimited |
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| God’s power is the power to bring about anything that is logically possible and consistent with God’s own essential characteristics |
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| what does God is self-existent mean? |
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his existence depends on nothing outside himself. • God is no way limited by or dependent on any other being, for he is known as a necessary being
o Since nothing can threaten his existence nor is he dependent on anyone for his existence, his non existence is not possible |
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| meaning only a personal being can have power, knowledge, and moral perfection |
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| explain the meaning of "God is known as acting and his primary action is to create" |
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God is the creator meaning whatever had a beginning was begun by God and whatever exists at any moment exists because God wills it to
Everything that exists, other than God, depends on God for its existence, a relationship that makes God the creator and all else his creations
God is continuously active in his creation |
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| Why is God said to be Omnipresent? |
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| because he is present everywhere by virtue of his activity and knowledge of all |
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| God is not limited by space nor time, understanding him as eternal (timeless & everlasting) |
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Timelessness having no temporal succession, meaning God does not believe in “before and after”
Everlasting meaning there will never be no God |
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| God is an eternal, self-existent spirit, unchangeable at least in his basic character and purposes, who exists necessarily. He is a personal being who is omnipotent, omniscient and morally perfect. He is the creator of all things other than himself and he is omnipresent in his creation though without a body |
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the attempt to determine the truth of theism without assuming the standpoint of a particular religion
Natural theologian attempts to see what can be known about God independently of any special religious authority |
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| one which the premises render the conclusion likely to be true |
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| one which the premises entail the conclusion; holds when it is impossible that the conclusion be false if the premises are all true |
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| Value of deductive arguments are determined by what? |
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| validity, sound, and functionality as a proof |
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when the conclusion must be true if the premises are true
1) All people from Georgia always speak in a southern accent 2) Tom is from Georgia 3) Therefore, Tom must have a southern accent.
Argument is valid because the conclusion would be true if each premise was true |
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if argument is valid and all of the premises are true; therefore the conclusion must be true
1) Humans need oxygen to live 2) Plants make oxygen 3) Therefore humans need plants to live
All premises are true, therefore the conclusion must be true |
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| A sound argument can fail as a successful proof if... |
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-An argument is sound without knowing it to be sound
-If the argument employs premises that are just as controversial as its conclusion
-If the premises, even if some people know them, are not known by the individuals to whom the argument is presented and meant to convince. |
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| For an argument to be persuasive, the premises must be know to be true on grounds independent of the conclusion. Only in this way could the argument ever change someone’s mind or add conviction to an already-held opinion. |
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| This would then be rationally convincing and functioning as a successful proof |
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| Whether are argument is a successful proof depends on whether the argument is logically sound and how and by whom the argument is known to be sound. |
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