Term
Which structure's is/are affected first by very slight amounts of compression of the contents of the intervertebral foramen?
a. Dorsal root ganglia
b. The recurrent meningeal nerve
c. Veins and lymphatic vessels
d. Individual axons of motor nerves |
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Definition
c. Veins and lymphatic vessels
If pressure within the IVF (PIVF) increases:
1. Venous obstruction slows capillary circulation within the nerve and leads to capillary congestion.
2. Because of the unyielding perineurium, pressure increases in the funiculus (nerve) which further hampers capillary circulation.
3. Slowing of the capillary circulation leads to hypoxia and increased excitability, including spontaneous discharges.
4. There is damage to capillary endothelium, leaking of proteins, edema, and greater pressure develops.
5. Demyelination and Wallerian degeneration commence in a mixed form of nerve damage.
6. There is fibroblastic infiltration and irreversible damage in the involved nerve. |
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Term
The vertebrobasilar arterial insufficiency hypothesis is based on what proposed mechanism?
a. sympathetic hyperactivity causes vasoconstriction within the brain, and this compromises cerebral blood flow
b. subluxations of the cervical segments can cause direct pressure on the vertebral arteries, obstructing the lumen of the vessels, and causing a loss of blood flow to the brain
c. congenital absence of the vertebral arteries can significantly diminish blood flow to the Circle of Willis
d. Atherosclerotic plaques within the vertebral arteries can be broken up and dispersed by cervical adjustments. |
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Definition
| b. subluxations of the cervical segments can cause direct pressure on the vertebral arteries, obstructing the lumen of the vessels, and causing a loss of blood flow to the brain |
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Term
The axoplasmic aberration hypothesis is the suggestion that____:
a. subluxation may cause a leakage of cytoplasm in areas of the axon that are compressed
b. decreased axoplasmic flow may trigger noxious reflexes that can cause subluxations.
c. Axoplasmic transport may be altered in certain cases in which the spinal nerve roots are compressed or irritated by the intervertebral subluxation
d. Aberrant motion leads to abnormally increased axoplasmic transport speeds |
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Definition
| c. Axoplasmic transport may be altered in certain cases in which the spinal nerve roots are compressed or irritated by the intervertebral subluxation |
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Term
Within the IVF there is a connective tissue structure which divides the IVF into compartments, and therefore limits the ability of other IVF components to avoid compression trauma. What is this structure?
a. nucleus pulposus
b. multifidus
c. annulus fibrosis
d. transforaminal ligament |
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Definition
| d. transforaminal ligament |
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Term
The neurodystrophic hypothesis is the concept that______:
a. neural dysfunction causes the proliferation of microbes within the body
b. neural dysfunction lowers the resistance of the body to infectious agents
c. neural dysfunction is associated with high levels of interferon in body tissues, which predisposes to disease
d. the subluxation enhances cell-mediated immunity |
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Definition
| b. neural dysfunction lowers the resistance of the body to infectious agents |
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Term
Why are veins and lymphatic vessels important structures in the trophic models of subluxation?
a. They are richly endowed with mechanoreceptors.
b. They supply nerves with chemicals necessary for normal function
c. They are more quickly affected by compression than other IVF components.
d. They become facilitated easily. |
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Definition
| c. They are more quickly affected by compression than other IVF components. ? |
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Term
One of Irvin Korr’s contributions to the knowledge base concerning the nature of the subluxation was his work in the area of:
a. extremity dyskinesias
b. axoplasmic transport and neurotrophic effects
c. dentate ligament distortion of the upper cervical spinal cord
d. the physiologic short leg |
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Definition
| b. axoplasmic transport and neurotrophic effects |
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Term
Which is one of the trophic models of subluxation complex?
a. intraneural microcirculation ischemia
b. viscerosomatic reflex hpothesis
c. nerve compression/traction/torsion
d. spinal fixation |
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Definition
a. intraneural microcirculation ischemia
The trophic models are: Axoplasmic aberration hypothesis, Vertebrobasilar arterial insufficiency hypothesis. Intraneural microcirculation ischemias, Aberrant venous and lymphatic drainage due
to compression/traction, Altered cerebrospinal fluid flow |
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Term
Sleep disturbances, emotional changes, and symptoms of altered cognitive function as a result of subluxation effects are among the effects explained by the___________ hypothesis.
a. somatopsychic
b. viscerosomatic
c. neurotrophic
d. neurodystrophic |
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Definition
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Term
What is the name of the hypothesis that decreased cerebral blood flow due to several subluxation effects can cause “hibernation” of certain brain functions?
a. psychogenic theory
b. cerebral dysfunction theor |
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Definition
| b. cerebral dysfunction theory |
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Term
Ischemic conditions affecting nerves tend to first cause_____:
a. hyperirritability
b. nerve conduction block |
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Definition
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Term
A patient experiences a recurrent spinal subluxation associated with an overuse inflammation of tendons at the elbow. What hypothesis explains the possible mechanism involved?
a. somatosomatic reflex
b. somatopsychic phenomenon
c. viscerosomatic reflex
d. somatovisceral reflex |
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Definition
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Term
A child with chronic relapsing ear infections experiences much better health, and a decrease in the frequency and severity of infections after receiving chiropractic care. What hypothesis is used to explain this experience?
a. psychogenic
b. viscerosomatic
c. neurodystrophic
d. axoplasmic abnormality |
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Definition
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Term
A patient experiences significant emotional stress that is found to cause a frequent recurrence of subluxations. What hypothesis applies to this situation?
a. somatopsychic
b. vertebrobasilar insufficiency
c. cerebrospinal fluid blockage
d. psychogenic, or psychosomatic |
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Definition
| d. psychogenic, or psychosomatic |
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Term
What level of care does Dr. Strang apparently consider to be the “ideal” in chiropractic practice?
a. Chiropractors are subluxation-fixers; that is all they do. Anything else is not chiropractic.
b. Chiropractors strive to keep patients out of pain; that’s all they really come in for, anyway.
c. Chiropractors remove subluxation complexes and try to put patients on long-term care plans to keep their joints in place.
d. Chiropractors attempt to restore normal structure and function by reducing, stabilizing, or correcting subluxation complexes; they also work with patients in preventing the occurrence or recurrence of subluxations. |
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Definition
| d. Chiropractors attempt to restore normal structure and function by reducing, stabilizing, or correcting subluxation complexes; they also work with patients in preventing the occurrence or recurrence of subluxations. |
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Term
How can chronic mental stress be a factor in the cause or perpetuation of subluxation complexes?
a. Chronic diaphragm hypertonicity can cause biomechanical alterations in the lumbar spine, including fixation
b. The resulting visceral pathology can be a source of viscerosomatic dysafferentation
c. Chronic postural distortion due to negative “body language.”
d. All of the above are possible effects of emotional stress |
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Definition
| d. All of the above are possible effects of emotional stress |
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Term
The “Loeser Pain Hierarchy” illustrates what concept relating to subluxation?
a. Many individuals imagine their pain is real, when it is not.
b. “Pain behavior” can persist after tissue healing has taken place.
c. Facilitated nociceptors produce reflexive muscle splinting along the spine.
d. Nociception must exceed a certain threshold before pain is perceived. |
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Definition
| b. “Pain behavior” can persist after tissue healing has taken place. |
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Term
What is a mechanism by which a person who has a major surgery might develop a subluxation complex afterward?
a. Patient positioning under anesthesia causes mechanical injury to joints and/or nerves.
b. Nociceptive input from surgically traumatized tissues produces a somatomotor response.
c. The subconscious mind of the patient might be affected by negative statements made by the surgeon during the operation.
d. More than one of the above might be a mechanism. |
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Definition
| d. More than one of the above might be a mechanism. |
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Term
How can exercise help prevent subluxations?
a. Exercise can strengthen and balance postural muscles.
b. Exercise can improve spinal joint motion.
c. Exercise can help to lower overall sympathetic nervous system “tone.”
d. All of the above may be reasons. |
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Definition
| d. All of the above may be reasons. |
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Term
| A nerve undergoing compression stress may temporarily demonstrate reduced axoplasmic flow characteristics, while continuing to conduct impulses normally. (true/false) |
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Definition
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Term
| A person with a job that involves repetitive motions or positions that are habitual will be less likely to develop subluxations than will a person whose work habits involve constantly varied activity.(true/false) |
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Definition
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Term
| A long-time cigarette smoker may show evidence of an upper thoracic subluxation complex possibly through the mechanism of the viscerosomatic reflex. (true/false) |
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Definition
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Term
| If a person has never suffered an accident or fall, it is not likely that the chiropractor will find evidence of subluxation complex in that person. (true/false) |
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Definition
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Term
| The causes of subluxation include mechanical, chemical, and mental forms of stress. (true/false) |
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Definition
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Term
| D.D. Palmer believed that the toxins in food, drink, and medications could cause spinal subluxations. (true/false) |
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Definition
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Term
| Gravity can be considered to be a continuous microtraumatic stress that can be a factor in causing subluxations. (true/false) |
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Definition
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Term
| The patient’s emotional state does not have an effect on the response to adjustments, or the ability to maintain correction. (true/false) |
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Definition
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Term
| Moderate general exercise is one factor that can help prevent the occurrence of subluxation complexes. (true/false) |
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Definition
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Term
| Chiropractic care has been reported to help certain patients with insomnia, and emotional disorders such as neuroses. (true/false) |
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Definition
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Term
| visceral afferent nerve impulses reflexively cause somatic problems through the mechanism of anterior horn cell facilitation |
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Definition
| Viscerosomatic reflex hypothesis |
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Term
| the subluxation can lead to lowered tissue resistance and compromise the body’s ability to adapt to microorganisms |
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Definition
| Neurodystrophic/neuroimmune hypothesis |
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Term
| the subluxation can involve facilitation of lateral horn cells, leading to visceral dysfunction via altered sympathetic innervation |
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Definition
| Somatoautonomic/somatovisceral reflex hypothesis |
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Term
| distortion of the intervertebral foramen causes mechanical compression, stretch, traction, or torsion of spinal nerves or nerve roots with subsequent injury and dysfunction |
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Definition
| Nerve compression hypothesis |
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Term
| articular alterations and nociceptive signals from subluxated motion segments cause dysafferentation to the spinal cord, disrupting normal postural muscle tone, and reflexively disturbing other somatic functions as well |
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Definition
| Somatosomatic/Somatovisceral reflex hypothesis |
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Term
| neurotrophic support can be adversely affected by the disruption of axoplasmic transport mechanisms |
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Definition
| Axoplasmic aberration hypothesis |
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Term
| cervical subluxations can cause vascular insufficiency to the brain by direct arterial compression |
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Definition
| Vertebrobasilar arterial insufficiency hypothesis |
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Term
| subluxations can affect mental state and the emotions |
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Definition
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Term
| mental stress can cause subluxations through postural changes, diaphragm tension, and other neurologic effects |
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Definition
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Term
| upper cervical misalignments can cause stress to the spinal cord |
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Definition
| Spinal cord compression/myelopathy hypothesis |
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