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| The philosophy of religion should be |
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| distinguished from theology |
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| the rational study of religious beliefs by scholars committed to those beliefs. |
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-Monotheism.
-Omnipotent, omniscient, omnibenevolent, and omnipresent.
-Transcendent
-Sovereign
-Eternal, unchanging, and infinite
-God has communicated with humans, and humans can communicate with God. |
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everywhere, • Creator of the Universe.
• Perfect: Lacks nothing. |
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-many gods
-came from greek words poly+theoi |
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| -god is present in all of nature(one place) |
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view that the existence of God is either unknown or inherently unknowable,
comes from the Greek a (no) and gnosis (knowledge). |
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| being without belief in any god s |
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| belief in god based entirely on reason, without any reference to faith, revelation, or institutional religion. |
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| Panentheism vs. Pantheism |
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| Unlike pantheism, it does not say that the universe is synonymous with God; it maintains that there is more to God than the material universe. In Panentheism God maintains a transcendent character |
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| The view that some religious beliefs are directly justified by religious experience |
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Blind faith, The view that one's fundamental religious convictions are not subject to independent rational assessment.
God should be one's "ultimate concern," |
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| Evidentialism/ Natural theology |
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| Logical proof of God's existence |
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THINK ‘CAUSE’
Since everything that moves must be moved by another…
But the series of prior movers cannot extend infinitely,
There must be a first mover (which is god). |
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| Criticisms:Cosmological Argument |
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Why can’t there be infinite regress?
Who or what caused God?
Making up an unexplained thing (God) to explain a thing. |
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argument of design
World and Universe runs orderly like a well designed watch (William Paley: Finding watch in the sand: reason dictates there must have been a designer of the watch.
God is the designer |
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| Criticism: Teleological Argument: |
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Quantum Fluctuation
Evolution and Adaptation
Hume: Design is flawed; amateur designer/builder (95-99% extinction rate). |
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| Argues for the existence of God from the nature of God’s being |
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I have the conception of a perfect being innately. (A-priori).
This must have been implanted in me by my maker, God. God=The perfect being |
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Ontological Argument
(must exist) |
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God is, by definition, the perfect Being conceivable.
A perfect Being conceivable cannot lack anything.
But if God did not exist, he would lack existence. |
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| Criticism:Ontological Argument: |
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Existence in reality is not always better than existence in the mind (e.g., cancer)
If I’m able to conceive of the “perfect island,” then does such an island exist?
Perfectly evil person? |
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All people are conscious of an objective moral law.
Moral laws imply a moral Lawgiver.
Therefore, there must be a supreme moral Lawgiver. |
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-Is there really an objective moral law in each and every one of us?
-How could one even begin to prove such a hypothesis?
-Can’t we still have morality without believing in God? Yes. Ethics Without God (Kai Nielsen)
-Human’s propagate morality to control the masses and for
-“Thou shall not kill”-good for species survival. |
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| Arguments Against God’s Existence |
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Conflicting Truth Claims
Evolutionary Arguments
Psychological Arguments |
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Religions disagree on matters of:
Historical Facts
Transhistorical Facts
Ultimate Reality
Can’t all be true, but all can be false. |
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| Disagreements on Matters of Ultimate Reality |
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Hinduism
Christianity
Buddhism |
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(Disagreements on Matters of Ultimate Reality)
Hinduism |
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| the deepest depth of our being is the eternal and immutable atman. |
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(Disagreements on Matters of Ultimate Reality)
Buddhism |
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| the human “soul” is a transient stream of psychic events. |
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(Disagreements on Matters of Ultimate Reality)
Christianity |
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| we possess an incorporeal soul that will someday commune with God |
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The claim that moral laws are put into existence by the desire of our race for human survival. Nothing More.
People who follow main stream religions live longer, healthier, and propagate new followers through breeding. |
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Human minds demand explanations.
Human hearts seek comfort.
Human society requires order.
Human intellect is illusion-prone. |
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Paradox Problems
• Omnipotent: |
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| Can God create a stone that is too heavy for him too lift? |
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Paradox Problems
• Omniscient: |
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| God is said to be able to do anything. Not lack anything. Cannot Gamble. |
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Paradox Problems
• Perfect: Lacks nothing: |
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| Why does He need us to worship Him? He does not need the adulation. |
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Paradox Problems
Omnipresence: |
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If God is to be said to be everywhere and in everything. Then He is an participant in everything in our world.
God therefore, is subject to suffering and evil.
Perfection does not allow suffering and evil in its paradigm. God suffer? He’s omnipotent. Double Paradox. |
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Paradox Problems
Omnibenevolent?: |
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People suffer, there is evil in this world He has created.
How does one reconcile the apparent evil in this world with the idea of an All-Loving Just God? |
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Defense of God's goodness and omnipotence in view of the existence of evil.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
-Evil is not really evil per-se, it is the absence of the Good.
-Evil is necessary for Good Argument.
-Human Freedom Argument. |
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•Argued that evil is a negative thing—that is, the absence of that good that is due a creature.
•Evil is what lurks in the shadow of the Good. |
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•Claims human freedom is the cause of evil.
•Since we are free, we are free to do evil as well as good.
•Even an omnipotent God could not make us free in all other respects but not free to do evil, since this would be contradictory.
•Therefore, evil results from free human choice. |
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| Evil is necessary for Good Argument. |
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•Example: Having to suffer surgery to rid one’s body of disease.
•But to say that God can bring about good in no other way than through inflicting pain seems to deny God’s omnipotence. |
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SOLUTIONS of
Evil is necessary for Good Argument. |
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•There is no such God. Rethink the characteristics you ascribe to God
•He is either limited or does not exist. |
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Does not exist…
The Argument from Evil |
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1. If God exists then he is omniscient, omnipotent and benevolent.
2. If God were omniscient, omnipotent and benevolent then the world would not contain evil.
3. The world contains evil.
Therefore:
4. It is not the case that God exists. |
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SOLUTIONS: He is limited
(Does not exist…
The Argument from Evil) |
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•Give up something on our original hypothesis about the nature of God.
•The problem with evil only exists when one simultaneously holds that God is omniscient, omnipotent, and omnibenevolent.
•The problem of evil does not exist if one gives up any of these three beliefs. |
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| John Hick’s book, Philosophy of Religion |
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| suggests that a world without suffering would be unsatisfactory |
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-Hick argues that while humans are made in the image of God, they have not yet been brought as free and responsible agents into the infinite likeness of God.
-The world is the sphere in which this stage of the creative process takes place. |
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| the book of the sacred writings of Zoroastrianism |
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| holy book of Islamic Faith, Allah(Arabic for God) |
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| collections of hymns, prayers, and liturgical formulas that comprise the earliest Hindu sacred writings |
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| scriptures which primarily discuss meditation and philosophy and are seen as religious instructions by most schools of Hinduism |
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| "religion is the sign of the oppressed creature, the heart of a heartless world, and the soul of soulless conditions. It is the opium of the people" |
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| "illusions, fulfillments of the oldest, strongest and most urgent wishes of mankind" |
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| "if God did not exist it would be necessary to invent him" |
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| "in the same way that each of us has had to grow up to resist the temptation of wishful thinking.., so our species has had to learn in growing up that we are not playing the starring role in any sort of grand cosmic drama" |
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| "all our beliefs about the gods have been fabricated by wise men so that people will be persuaded by religion to be good citizens" |
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| The Mind of the Bible Believer (NY, Prometheus 1988) |
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| "of all the tyrannies that afflict mankind, tyranny in religion is the worst. Every other species of tyranny is limited to the world we live in, but this attempts is stride beyond the grave and seeks to pursue us into eternity" |
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| Religion is bared, I think, primarily and mainly upon fear... |
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