Term
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Definition
| Humans are all roughly equal. Humans literally are equal in power and ability. Humans are all able to compete with each other for resources, while living in a state without a strong organizing authority. |
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Term
| Causes for Conflict (Hobbes) |
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Definition
| Humans will be in competition. This competition will lead to a state of anticipating and using violence in advance. Use violence for glory and to deter threat of violence through reputation. The main reasons for the "state of nature" |
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Term
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Definition
| A state of constant violence, where one can not relax. There are no laws, therefore no idea of wrong doing. The only wrong doing is dying. |
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Term
| Reason for statement on the State of Nature (Hobbes) |
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Definition
| A point of view to defend the importance of order and strong government, in order to show what would happen without authority, state, or sovereign. |
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Term
| Escape from the State of Nature (Hobbes) |
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Definition
| Through a covenant, where we all have to reach an agreement to give up our liberties to a sovereign. To create laws for mankind to follow and maintain peace among society. |
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Term
| Rousseau's position on inequality |
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Definition
| Feels natural inequality is not interesting, political inequality is more important - who has more money and more access to goods. |
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Term
| State of Nature (Rousseau) |
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Definition
Humans are like simple pandas, eat, sleep, mate. Humans are very strong and agile, due to the needs of the environment, well equipped. Humans don't worry about death, uncomplicated, simple and peaceful.
---- There's no need to fight, no conflict because there is abundance of resources. Simple to run away. |
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Term
| Difference between Humans & Animals (Rousseau) |
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Definition
| Humans compensate for challenges (fruits too high up, dangerous predators, & competition with other humans) with smarts and logic (make weapons, fishing techniques, clothes to keep warm, fire) To survive, humans learned to have joint ventures through conversation with others. Leads to property sharing (tools, clothing, share of hunting venture), but this doesn't lead to conflict. |
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Term
| Causes for Conflict (Rousseau) |
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Definition
When people depend on one another for labor. Resources are given and paid to people for work. Leads to comparing with each other, wanting more than what the other person has.
Society leads to inequality and measured wealth with others. Agriculture = property of land, the more land you have, the more power you have. Inequality in land & resources, power over people who work on your land. Labor creates the usage of language to deceive in order to get more food. |
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Term
| End of the State of Nature (Rousseau) |
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Definition
| The ability to make metal tools (metallurgy) in order to effectively grow crops as a stable food source (agriculture). |
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Term
| Solution for Conflict (Rousseau) |
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Definition
| Society, rules, enforcement. However, a state would further increase and solidify inequality. |
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Term
| Overall attitude on the State or Sovereign (Rousseau) |
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Definition
| State is not so great. Man is a noble savage, society is the corrupting influence. People are eager to give up authority, without seeing its negative effects. The State reinforces inequality, people are so afraid that they chain themselves up. |
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Term
| Study supporting Rousseau over Hobbes |
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Definition
| Rousseau says humans have pity, not that easy to kill another person. Studies have shown that humans have a built in mechanism to feel pain at the presence of another person's pain. |
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Term
| Idea of patternless individual humans (Kant) |
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Definition
| Humans don't act on predictable instincts and also are not rational enough to stick to an overall, predictable plan for the species. |
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Term
| Evidence of human pattern from a large scale (Kant) |
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Definition
| Birth Rates, Death Rates, Marriage Rates. |
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Term
| Human goal or end point (Kant) |
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Definition
| perfected humankind, living in peace. |
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Term
| Reasons that lead to the human goal. (Kant) |
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Definition
| Not individual intentions. "Social unsociability" & competition. We want the most freedom for ourselves, society gradually approximates this maximum freedom. |
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Term
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Definition
| Started off less rational, but competitive due to comparison. |
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Term
| Causes for Conflict (Kant) |
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Definition
| Naturally has conflict, everyone wants to be better than everyone else. |
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Term
| Solution for conflict (Kant) |
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Definition
| The state is not only the solution for conflict, but also can make itself better and achieve the goal of rational and moral perfection. State can achieve peace among nations in the end. |
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Term
| The common idea in the world is about violence (Pinker) |
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Definition
| Violence in the world is getting worse and worse. |
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Term
| Thoughts on Violence (Pinker) |
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Definition
| Humans are becoming less violent over time. People killed and tortured other people and animals for entertainment. Violence experienced by people of ancient people similar to contemporary hunter/gatherer societies. Statistics show decreased murders and battle deaths over decades and millennium. |
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Term
| Reason for the misconception of violence (Pinker) |
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Definition
People notice violence more today, vividly displayed in the media (photos, video, internet) With less violence, death is not routine, therefore people today are more shocked with violence. Violence is used as a tool for activism, optimism means there isn't any problems, no need for special interest groups.
More older people in the world, seems to think the world is dying like they are.
Religious people think the world will end.
Intellectual community says violence is politically incorrect to imply inferiority of other cultures. |
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Term
| Reason for the decrease of violence (Pinker) |
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Definition
Hobbes was right: We have more central enforcement of behavior, humans have gotten better organized with laws.
Life was cheap, now it's precious.
More trade & economic development means that other people are more valuable alive.
We've always had empathy, but now we're experiencing how widely it applies.
There is a wide scale empathy, where people without empathy are forced out of group. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| How should we act during war? |
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Term
| Just Cause for war (Jus Ad Bellum) |
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Definition
| can not be for invasion or insulting a neighbor. U.N. states, must be a response to aggression. |
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Term
| Right intention for war (Jus Ad Bellum) |
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Definition
| must have just cause within the motives of the leader, come up with good reason. |
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Term
| Necessity of war (Jus Ad Bellum) |
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Definition
| War must be the last resort. Must have tried all other options before waging war. |
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Term
| Proportionality of War (Jus Ad Bellum) |
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Definition
| war can't do more harm than good. |
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Term
| Competant Authority (Jus Ad Bellum) |
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Definition
| The person waging war must be a competent leader who represents the country or an organized opposition of a government. |
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Term
| Necessity of Action during war (Jus in Bello) |
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Definition
| If action is not necessary to pursue the aims of war, should not be done. |
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Term
| Proportionality in War Actions (Jus in Bello) |
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Definition
| amount of damage must be in proportion to the goal of the action. |
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Term
| Principle of non combatant immunity (Jus in Bello) |
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Definition
| act of aggression can't be aimed solely at civilian targets. |
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Term
| Supreme Emergency (Walzer) |
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Definition
| Must be considered only when all these requirements met: 1. Immediate, urgent threat. 2. extreme, horrifying threat to existence of a culture or a lot of people. "Backs against the wall" 3. Threats are enough to wage war. Not all battles are always a disaster to civilization. |
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Term
| Reasons why British Terror Bombings of German Cities is justified as Supreme Emergency. |
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Definition
Justified because Nazi's might win and destroy their way of life.
Aiming at exact targets at night was difficult, had to target large cities pre 1942. Terror bombings stopped after 1942, when aiming technology became better and U.S. aid came, no need to bomb, use ground forces.
Germans were bombing Great Britian first, this action was a defensive effort. |
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Term
| Supreme Emergency can not be... |
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Definition
a. be acting for retaliation or revenge.
b. be just an overall cost/benefit analysis (a.k.a. it'll be better for everyone in the long run).
c. diminish the value of civilian lives. |
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Term
| Reasons why atomic bomb drop on Japan is not justified as Supreme Emergency. |
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Definition
a. "war is hell" is not a good justification. Bomb was dropped to stop the fighting.
b. Japan's military being guilty of war crimes was not a good justification, their threat to the United States was not as big as the Nazi threat in Europe.
c. Preventing more U.S. and Japanese deaths is not a good reason. There was a better solution to end the loss of lives than unconditional surrender. U.S. never considered a conditional surrender. |
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