Term
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Definition
| A set of one or more statements put forth in attempt to establish the truth of another statement |
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| An argument whose conclusion is entailed by (or logically follows) its premise(s) |
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| An argument whose conclusion is not entailed (or does not logically follow) its premise(s) |
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Definition
| Valid argument with all true premises |
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| At least one false premise in a valid argument |
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| An example that refutes a claim |
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| A sentence that can be viewed as true or false |
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| Five types of non-argumentative discourse |
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Definition
Report
Unsupported assertion
Conditional statement
Illustration
Explanation |
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Term
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Definition
| Always interpret a passage of text as kindly as possible |
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Term
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Definition
| Conveys information to an audience |
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Definition
| Statements about what a speaker or writer happens to believe (not necessarily true) |
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| Provides examples rather than proof for an assertion |
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Definition
Attempts to show why, not that
What's being discussed is the subject of controversy |
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Term
| Four ways of distinguishing an argument from an explanation |
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Definition
1) Common knowledge test
2) Post event test
3) Authors intent test
4) Principle of charity test |
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Term
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Definition
| If what seems to be the conclusion is common knowledge, it is an explanation |
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Definition
| If what seems to be the conclusion refers to a past event, its probably an explanation |
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Definition
| If the objective is to explain why, its an explanation |
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Term
| Two wrongs make a right fallacy |
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Definition
| Arguer tries to justify a wrong by citing another wrong |
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Term
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Definition
| Arguer misrepresents an opponents position to make his or hers seem stronger |
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Definition
| Arguer tries to distract the attention of the audience by raising an irrelevant issue |
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Definition
| Arguer uses a key word in two or more sentences with a different definition |
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| Begging the question fallacy |
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Definition
| Arguer's conclusion is also the premise |
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| Inappropriate appeal to authority fallacy |
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Definition
| Arguer cites a witness who is unreliable |
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| Appeal to ignorance fallacy |
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Definition
| Arguer reasons that a claim is true (or false) from a lack of evidence that it is false (or true) |
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| False alternatives fallacy |
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Definition
| Arguer assumes there are fewer options then there actually are |
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Term
| Questionable cause fallacy |
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Definition
| States one thing is the cause of another on the basis of insufficient evidence |
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| Hasty generalization fallacy |
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Definition
| Assumption based on inadequate evidence (ex. stereotypes) |
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Definition
| Arguer states that one action will lead to more and more undesirable actions and consequences |
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Definition
| Arguer assumes two things are similar when they are actually not |
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Definition
| Asserting in an argument two claims that are conflicting with each other |
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Definition
| arguing that a course of action shouldn't be taken because it isn't flawless |
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Definition
| Arguer requires a precise boundary be made on a scale or continuum when no such boundary can be made |
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Term
| What are the two types of concealed statements? |
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Definition
| Rhetorical questions and "ought" imperatives |
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Term
| What is the test for validity? |
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Definition
| Assume all premises are true and evaluate whether or not the conclusion has to be true because of them. |
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Term
| What are the eight circumstances in which an inappropriate appeal to authority fallacy applies? |
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Definition
1) Source is not a genuine authority
2) Source is biased or lies
3) Accuracy of observations are questionable
4) Source is generally unreliable
5) Incorrect citing or claim was taken out of context
6) Claim conflicts with expert opinion
7) Issue cannot be settled by expert opinion
8) Claim is improbable on its base |
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Term
| What are the three reasons premises and conclusions are left unstated? |
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Definition
1. They are understood by the listener/arguer without being stated
2. The arguer may not be cognizant of all of his/her premises or conclusions
3. The arguer may wish to conceal a weakness in his/her argument |
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Term
| What are the two rules to remember for finding missing premises and conclusions? |
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Definition
1) "Faithfully interpret the arguer's intentions"
2) "Be Charitable" |
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