Philein - Love

Sophia - Wisdom

"y" - denotes science of

"the love of wisdom"

Philosophy begins with wonder. Wondering can only expand and lead to more questions. It never reaches a definitive answer.

(beyond physics) the study of the ultimate principles of reality

The study of knowledge

The study of practical reasoning (conduct, doing)

Paul Henri d'Holbach - everything is determined by natural causation that we do not control, so we are not free.
Viktor Frankl - man is ultimately self determining; what he or she becomes is ultimately out of her/himself.

Karma - Combines free will and determinism. It consists of accumulation of past deeds. Our past actions determine the kind of being that we have become but we are still free to choose within the limits of what we have become.

Altruism - is the service toward others is our primary moral duty; love means feeling friendship for the enemy.

Egoism - morality is sham because humans always try to satisfy themselves.

Thales - the first principle and basic nature of all things is water

Anaximander - The unlimited is the first principle of things that are

Anaximenes - everything is made of air/breath

Heraclitus - reality is always changing (in flux). The only enduring realities are recurring patterns, like seasons, of change itself.

Parmenides - change is an illusion and the universe in reality is a unchanging object. Since nothing can come from non-being, and for something to change it must turn into something that didn't exist before; change can only be an illusion and cannot exist.

Empedocles - Four basic realities: fire, air, water, and earth. The appearance of the world is produced by intermingling the elements at different proportions. Appearances may change because of the arrangement of elements that do not change.

Anaxagoras - Universal mixture and unlimited divisibility - concept of infinitesimal. If a natural substance is divided than all parts are identical in kind to the whole. It can be infinitely divided, no matter how may times there will always remain a unit of matter.

1. Pious - is to prosecute the wrongdoer. This is inadequate because it only offers an example of a pious act.

2. Pious - is what is dear to the gods. This is inadequate for the gods disagree as to what constitutes "the dear".

3. Pious - is what all the gods love. This is inadequate because, just because the gods love something does not mean that it is necessarily pious.

4. Pious - is a part of just that is concerned with the care of the gods. This is inadequate because an object being cared for benefits or is made better by the care given; the gods can't be made better.

First Charge - busies himself by studying things in the sky and below the earth (natural philosopher).

Defense - Claims he takes no parts in it and calls for witnesses that have heard him conversing; asking them if they have ever heard him discussing such subjects at any extent at all.

Charges - Guilty of corrupting the young and not believing in the gods whom the city believes in, but in other new spiritual things.

Defense - If he did corrupt the young he did not do it deliberately; there is no law that brings him to court by corrupting them unwillingly. He also makes Meletus contradict himself by saying he does not believe in gods at all after saying the he believed in new gods.

1. Make a bad reputation about his friends not freeing him.

2. His death will deprive them of a friend.

3. This is just a big bad wrap anyways.

4. No one would even really care if you escaped.

5. You are betraying your sons when you could raise them and educate them.

6. You are just taking the easiest route

He will be going against the laws that he was raised by and that have done so much for him throughout his life; if he escapes it would be like trying to destroy them.

Thomas Hobbes - natural state "war of every man against every man". To create peace power needs to be given to the government.

John Locke - natural state is regulated by natural moral laws. Government should give people freedom to pursue whatever life they choose; humans a free by nature.

Jean Jacques Rousseau - natural state if people are to act morally, they must live under laws that they freely accept. In a government a person can remain free as long as they abide to the laws they choose themselves.

People don't start as individuals, they start as social beings in a community, the community is the natural. The state should be a reflection of the culture.

The unconscious separation of the "public" from the "private" is the source of many of the political and economic inequalities to which women are subjected to.

Treat similar people similarly. Treat two cases the same when they are the same. An individual who is not the same is not treated the same.

Justice as Merit - Individuals are treated and given a station in life according to their talents and accomplishments. The relevant difference among people is what they deserve because of their talents or achievements.
Justice as Equality - Treating everyone the same. There is no relevant differences among people.
Justice as Social Utility - What promotes the general welfare. People can be treated unjustly if it will benefit society as a whole or minimize social harm.
Justice Based on Need and Ability - Work burdens are given by people's abilities, and benefits a given by people's needs. The relevant differences are needs and abilities.
Justice Based on Liberty - Welfare, Principles that govern a society must be viewed as fair by all groups of people, benefit least advantaged. Classical, benefits and burdens are distributed justly and society allows people to freedom to do what they choose.

Political Realism - There are no moral limits on what one nation may do to another in pursuit of its own interests.

Pacifism

Absolute Pacifism - War is always wrong.

Conditional Pacifism - War is generally wrong, but there may be instances in which war is justified.

Just War Theory - Although war is evil because killing is wrong, it is sometimes justified for a state to engage in war because the state has an obligation to defend its citizens, protect the innocent, and enforce justice.

Art as Imitation - Presents a reproduction or likeness of some reality such as a view, person, etc.

Art as Expression of Emotion - Art that when the artist expresses his emotion in a way that arouses the same emotion in the audience.

Art as Form - Its parts and materials are arranged and put together (its form) so as to stir our aesthetic emotions.

The End of Art - Contemporary artists push the boarders of art to ask the question what is art and in doing so they stop being artists and become philosophers

Art is What the Art World Says - An artifact specifically made to be presented to an art world public that is prepared to understand it.

Theistic Response - All religions give meaning to life by relating the individual to divine reality that is larger and more important than the individual.
The Human Progress Response - Contributing to human progress can give meaning to human life.

The Nihilist Response - Life has no meaning
The Subjective Meaning Response - Person gives life meaning the goals that matter to them and that give direction to their life.