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| Instead of attacking the argument, the source of an argument is attacked i.e. attack the newspaper instead of the article's argument |
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| assumption that whats true of the parts is true of the whole |
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| what is true of the whole is true of the parts ex: if class average is B, and you are in class, then you got a B |
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| attacking the person instead of attacking the argument |
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| A term is used in 2 different senses in the course of an argument ex: A feather is light. What is light cannot be dark. Therefore, a feather cannot be dark. |
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| Argue with a reason like “everyone likes it” or “Everybody’s doing it” |
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| appeal by playing on the emotions of the listner...by force or by pity |
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| Argument that something is true or false simply because it has not been disproven |
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| Persuade someone to do something b/c that’s the way it has always been done |
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| Occurs when you attribute something the arguer isn’t arguing for to them, and attack the unrelated topic ex: senator is arguing for universal health care; but that is like arguing for socialism; socialism is something that we must avoid. |
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| Arguer focuses attention somewhere else |
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| restating the conclusion (if p, then p) |
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| Thing alike in one respect are assumed to be alike in other respects |
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| Ignoring other options Ex: either your with us or against us (ignoring neutral) |
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| if a then b, if b then c, if c then d; we dont want d, so therefore not a |
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| occurs when there is insufficient evidence in supporting a claim. either the sample is too small or not representative ex: 30 of 40 philosophy majors said they voted democrat. Thus, the university is 75% democratic. |
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