Term
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Definition
| The system of holding ourselves and others accountable for the moral value of our |
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Term
| What are the conditions to Moral Responsibility? |
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Definition
1. the person performed an action that is morally significant
2. the person had knowledge of the moral significance of that action (the person knew right from wrong)
3.the person has control over his performance of the action
4.the person intended to perform the action |
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Term
| What is the difference between the minimal and the maximum of moral significance? |
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Definition
| Minimal of moral significance is when the person is aware of the moral category the action fell under while the maximum of moral significance the person has full appreciation of the action |
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Term
| What does it mean when a person performs an action negligently? |
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Definition
| this is when you didn't really think about what was going on and if you would have known you wouldn't have done the action |
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Term
| What is the story of Glaucon? |
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Definition
| anyone would choose something morally bad if they could get the same good reputation of doing something morally good (the ring). Believes people only do good actions out of extrinsic values. |
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Term
| What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic value? |
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Definition
| Intrinsic value is just being good for the sake of goodness while extrinsic value is when doing something good to get a result (like a good reputation, avoiding punishment, avoid feeling guilt, avoid suffering, to be rewarded by God) |
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Term
| What are the elements of moral action? |
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Definition
| Motive, Means, Ends, Consequences |
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Term
| What is the Divine Command Theory? |
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Definition
| Statement that says actions are moral or immoral only because God commands or forbids them |
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Term
| What is Euthyphro's Question? |
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Definition
| Is an action pious because God loves it, or does God love it because it's pious? (Plato says God and good are the same thing) |
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Term
| What is Nietzsche’s Eternal Recurrence? |
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Definition
| A demon comes to you and tells you, you have to live you life again and again the exact same way you have lived it with no alterations over and over again. |
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Term
| What is Epicurus Hedonism? |
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Definition
| Epicurus believes that happiness is the sole ultimate end to existence |
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Term
| How do we get tranquility (happiness)? |
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Definition
Prudence (common sense)
Justice (behaving in a respectable manner)
Honor (dignity) |
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Term
| What is the difference between historical and tacit consent? |
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Definition
| historical consent is the consent our ancestors passed down to us while tacit consent is consent expressed through silence |
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Term
| What are Crito's argument about Socrates? |
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Definition
1. no injustice for injustice (two wrongs don't make a right)
2. no breaking contracts (promises)
3. no harming the fatherland |
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Term
| What are Martin Luther's criteria for breaking the law? |
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Definition
| Only break them when the law is unjust (meaning it is not universal/democratic) and one must break it lovingly, openly, and wiliness to except the punishment |
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Term
| What is the Greatest Happiness Principle? |
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Definition
| Actions are right as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to promote the reverse of happiness |
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Term
| What is the difference between Utilitarianism and Epicureanism? |
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Definition
| Epicurist believe one is happy if they are not in pain or turmoil while Utilitarians believe happiness is both positive pleasures and absence of pain |
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Term
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Definition
| Mill's father who was an extreme Utilitarians that was embalmed; measured happiness in units called utils |
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Term
| What are the criteria for moral status? |
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Definition
| Intelligence, self-awareness, cultural significance, and having life |
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Term
| What is the difference between psychological hedonism and ethical hedonism? |
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Definition
| Psychologicial hedonist beleive we desire happiness (felt pleasure) and nothing else while ethical hedonist beleive we OUGHT to desire happiness |
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Term
| What are the three different morally permissible actions |
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Definition
| There is the morally permissible that have no moral significance; the morally required is the good Samaritan/person doing their call of duty; the supererogatory who go above and beyond the call of duty (Singer) |
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Term
| what are the objections to Hedonism? |
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Definition
A) False/Illusory Happiness—Some people desire only authentic happiness
B) Forced/Paternalistic Happiness—Happiness some people desire only autonomous happiness
C) Objection to “Reduction of all motives to desire for pleasure” |
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Term
| What is the difference between Extreme and Restricted Utilitarianism? |
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Definition
| Greatest happiness principle in restricted utilitarianism is the only rule to go by and for extreme utilitarianism moral rule like don’t lie, don’t cheat, don’t murder are just rules of thumb |
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Term
| What is the objection to Restricted Utilitarianism? |
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Definition
| o It undermines its own justification by fetishizing (to treat something special that really isn’t) rules |
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Term
| What is the only thing that is unconditionally good according to Kant? |
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Definition
| Good Will because it never makes anything worse and is always good in itself (does not require anything else; it is necessary for the goodness of everything |
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Term
| Do consequences matter to Kant? |
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Definition
| No because they are not a part of my action so their not under my control |
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Term
| What is the nature of morality? |
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Definition
| It will always take the form of an imperative, it always speaks universally, and it is always unconditional |
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Term
| What is an example of pure practical reason? |
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Definition
| Never try to finish something that you have not started |
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Term
| What does Kant believe is the only categorical imperative? |
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Definition
| The Formula of Universal Law: act only in accordance with that maxim through which you can at the same time will that it become a universal law |
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Term
| What is the Maxim Template? |
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Definition
| I will DO THIS from THIS MOTIVE to achieve THIS END in THIS CONTEXT |
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Term
| What is the difference between a false positive and a false negative? |
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Definition
| A false positive is when an action that is morally prohibited passes The Formula of Universal Law while a false negative is a morally permissible action fails The Formula of Universal Law |
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Term
| What is Kant's Formula of Humanity |
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Definition
| “So act that you use humanity whether in yourself or others always at the same time as an end and never merely as a means” |
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Term
| What is the difference between a positive and negative end? |
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Definition
| Our positive ends is the goal of a particular action while a negative ends is more as a consideration that limits our choice of what to do. |
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Term
| What are the objections to the Formula of Humanity? |
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Definition
| The Animal Objection, Ecosystem Objections, and The people of Dimension Capacities objection |
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Term
| What are Aristotle's beliefs? |
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Definition
| Aristotle believes virtue is completely in our control. Virtues and vices are not innate but has natural potential. Being virtues comes form our character traits. He believes happiness can be caused by good fortune (moral luck). He also goes by the Golden Means: The virtuous disposition is the one that avoids both excess and deficiency |
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Term
| What is Socrate's theory of evil |
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Definition
| we do evil out of ignorance |
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Term
| WHat is Aristotle's theory of evil |
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Definition
| we do evil out of weakness by giving into temptation |
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Term
| Augustine's theory of evil |
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Definition
| we do evil out of malevolence. doing evil just for evil's sake |
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