1.     Which university admissions practice was banned in the Bakke decision?

a.     Using strict quotas (setasides) to increase minority enrollment

b.     Adopting any standards intended to increase racial diversity

c.      Offering any special encouragement to minority applicants

d.     Using standardized exams as essential factors in admission

1.     Which municipal ordinance was adopted by Richmond, VA, to benefit MBEs?

a.     Richmond offered municipal loans so minorities could bid on contracts

b.     The city required that all municipal contracts be approved by the NAACP

c.      A minimum percentage of every municipal contract was given to MBEs

d.     The city put a moratorium on white contracts until equality was achieved

1.     Which main reason was cited by the Supreme Court in striking Richmond’s policy?

a.     Richmond could not determine ownership of companies claiming to be MBEs

b.     Richmond could not prove a past pattern of racism in its construction industry

c.      No effective way had been presented by Richmond to comply with its policy

d.     Profits by white contractors might be jeopardized by Richmond’s new policy

1.      Which qualifies for affirmative action as a “minority business enterprise” (MBE)?

a.     Auto repair store managed by a black women

b.     Company with a black chief executive officer

c.      Bathroom supply store owned by a black man

d.     Professional football team with a black coach

1.     Which federal program was addressed by the Supreme Court in Adarand v. Pena?

a.     Federal funds to reward companies who subcontract to MBEs

b.     Government advisors to coach MBEs how to make low bids

c.      Government publications to encourage acceptance of MBEs

d.     Quotas to guarantee the MBEs receive business contracts

1.     Which constitutes an example of the quid pro quo form of sexual harassment?

a.     Male workers are allowed to plaster the walls with centerfolds

b.     A supervisor threatens to fire his secretary unless she has sex

c.      The boss constantly complains about having to work with women

d.     Female workers are ogled when they bend over to make copies

1.     Which distinguishes the “hostile atmosphere” form of sexual harassment?

a.     Hostile atmosphere harassment must always be conducted by bosses

b.     This form of sexual harassment is not intended to obtain sexual favors

c.      This is the only form of harassment that requires repeated infractions

d.     Only males can be held responsible for this form of sexual harassment

1.     Which is the clearest example of harassment known as “unwanted attention”?

a.     A co-worker pressures a women for sex after she refuses again and again

b.     An officer at a missile silo opposes allowing women in combat branches

c.      A supervisor gives a thank-you card to every secretary on her birthday

d.     Mr. Smith has asked out every woman in his office for a drink after work

1.     In Rabidue v. Osceola, a refinery worker’s complaint dealt primarily with

a.     The lack of adequate bathrooms facilities for female employees

b.     The display of crude posters and vulgar language at the plant

c.      A refusal to grant maternity leaves to female refinery workers

d.     The lack of promotions and raises for women at the refinery

1.     Which reason was given by the circuit court for rejecting Rabidue’s complaint?

a.     No other women were complaining about working conditions at Osceola

b.     The courts were becoming clogged with too many complaints by women

c.      Working conditions rejected by one woman could be welcomed by others

d.     Rabidue herself had a bad attitude, worsening conditions at the refinery

1.     In the Meritor case, which factor enabled Vinson to sue the entire institution?

a.     Meritor had placed Taylor in a supervisory position over Vinson at work

b.     Meritor contributed to an atmosphere that made harassment more likely

c.      The bank officials knew about the harassment but did nothing to stop it

d.     Before the suit, Vinson was fired from Meritor for excessive sick leave

1.     In Ellison v. Brady, which legal theory determined the outcome of the case?

a.     Women must be held responsible for discouraging sexual harassment

b.     The severity of harassment must be judged from a women’s viewpoint

c.      Both genders are entitled to equal protection from sexual harassment

d.     Harassment will disappear only when male dominance is overcome

1.     Why did Terrah Elynn Alfred lose her Court challenge against Chico Dairy?

a.     Convenience stores are not obligated to promote disabled workers

b.     She was denied a promotion due to her appearance, not a handicap

c.      A pleasant appearance is a “business necessity” for all sales jobs

d.     The employer is legally entitled to set the standards for promotion

1.     How is “disability” defined in the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)?

a.     Impairments making in harder fort he worker to perform assigned tasks

b.     Impairment that puts one at a disadvantage compared to other workers

c.      Mental or physical impairment that interferes with a major life activity

d.     Any impairment that the individual worker considers to be a disability

1.     Which 1990 change to the ADA extended protection to workers like Alfred?

a.     Any worker who’s physically unattractive is classified as disabled

b.     All employees are covered who consider themselves to be disabled

c.      Employees are covered if their employer regards them as disabled

d.     Because no one is perfect, all employees are classified as disabled

1.     Which legal requirement in included in the Americans with Disabilities Act?

a.     Companies must undergo undue hardship if necessary to help the disabled

b.     Disabled workers must be hired even if they cannot perform essential duties

c.      Reasonable accommodations must be made so the disabled can do their jobs

d.     Disabled workers must always be given preference in hiring and promotions

1.     Which is legally regarded as a “reasonable accommodation” for disabled workers?

a.     Adding a wheelchair ramp to the company headquarters

b.     Excusing disabled workers from vital or essential duties

c.      Risking bankruptcy to maintain one’s disabled workers

d.     Undergoing undue hardship to assist disabled workers

1.     Which argument in favor of same-sex marriage is most clearly utilitarian?

a.     The important factor in marriage is the number (two) not the genders

b.     Marriage is a private choice that should be regulated by the individual

c.      Permitting same-sex marriage maximizes utility for society as a whole

d.     Society is more efficient when organized into couples or small units

1.     Which case against same-sex marriage uses Kant’s Categorical Imperative?

a.     Any world that permits same-sex marriage cannot be morally consistent

b.     If same-sex couples cannot reproduce (together), they should not marry

c.      God intends for male and female to marry, not couples of the same sex

d.     Historically, marriage has been permitted only for opposite-sex couples

1.     Which does Milton Friedman regard as the main cause of high health care costs?

a.     Patients seek health care for even the most minor health problems

b.     The AMA intentionally restricts the number of qualified physicians

c.      The public decided that physicians deserved much higher salaries

d.     Patients are able to live longer with serious medical conditions

1.     Which capitalist principle explains Friedman’s solution to high medical costs?

a.     Because physicians are skilled labor, they must be paid at a higher rate

b.     Increases in the labor supply for any area of work drive down wages

c.      Since we are usually healthy, doctors must take advantage of sickness

d.     It is best if the sick die, as they are unproductive and waste resources

1.     Which phrase provides the most accurate description of whistle-blowing?

a.     Refusing to participate in work projects that might endanger the public

b.     Complaining to one’s supervisors about conditions at one’s worksite

c.      Going public about threats to health and safety from one’s employer

d.     Asking to be reassigned to work that does not threaten public health

1.     Which conclusion by Ronald Duska helps justify a decision to blow the whistle?

a.     U.S. companies have proven they do not care about public health of safety

b.     The employee-employer relationship is commercial, not requiring loyalty

c.      Whistle-blowers are always given complete legal protection from retaliation

d.     The government always acts quickly when employers’ abuses are revealed

1.     Which engineering flaw did Roger Boisjoly report in the Challenger space shuttle?

a.     The windshield clouded over when the shuttle encountered asteroid storms

b.     Its insulation tiles absorbed too much heat when leaving the atmosphere

c.      The safety valves (O-rings) on its fuel tank failed to seal in cold weather

d.     The landing gear did not descend properly when approaching the runway

1.     Which step in the whistle-blowing process was not completed by Roger Boisjoly?

a.     Boisjoly failed to provide evidence that a safety issue existed with the shuttle

b.     Boisjoly did not warn his supervisors about the safety issue with the shuttle

c.      Boisjoly did not have a morally good motive to justify blowing the whistle

d.     Boisjoly did not reveal his safety concerns about the Challenger to the public

1.     Which condition does Norman Bowie require for whistle-blowing to be justified?

a.     A majority of workers at the company must support the whistle-blowing

b.     There is a reasonable chance that the whistle-blowing will be successful

c.      The company’s actions must show a reckless disregard for public safety

d.     At least 100 lives must be at risk from the company’s hidden practices

1.     Which moral justification for whistle-blowing is most clearly Kantian?

a.     Most cases of whistle-blowing do significantly more good than harm

b.     Whistle-blowing can be consistently universalized for all employees

c.      Whistle-blowing is both accepted and encouraged inside our culture

d.     Whistle-blowing maximizes utility for the affected group as a whole

1.     Which is opposed by the American Association of Advertising Agencies (AAAA)?

a.     The sponsorship of material with extreme violent content

b.     The promotion of animal products, including meat and dairy

c.      Dishonest testimonials by celebrities or other spokespersons

d.     Explicit mention of the brand names of one’s competitors

1.     Which is opposed by the American Association of Advertising Agencies (AAAA)?

a.     Repetitive jingles or slogans to influence memory

b.     The promotion of contraceptives (e.g., condoms)

c.      Marketing to children of items containing sugar

d.     False or misleading statements or exaggerations

1.     Which way of regulating advertising speech is advocated by Phillip Nelson?

a.     The government should screen every single advertisement for accuracy

b.     Consumers can keep advertisers honest by the power of the marketplace

c.      Advertising should be banned except for necessities of life such as food

d.     Government agencies (e.g., FDA) must declare war on false advertising

1.     For which product could the government legally forbid “racial targeting”?

a.     Malt liquor

b.     Birth control pills

c.      Tennis shoes

d.     Hair relaxants

1.     Which remedy does the government usually pursue against racial targeting?

a.     Those from targeted groups may be banned from buying the product

b.     Targeted group members may be entitled to free product samples

c.      Targeted group members may be issued partial refunds on purchase

d.     Advertisers may be forced to make their campaigns racially diverse

1.     Which charge was filed against marketers of Powermaster malt liquor?

a.     The Powermaster advertising jingle was degrading to black customers

b.     The brewing company targeted black males in its advertising campaign

c.      Prices for Powermaster malt liquor were higher in black neighborhoods

d.     Powermaster malt liquor was brewed with sugar for faster intoxication

1.     Which substantial government interest was cited to ban Crazy Horse malt liquor?

a.     No Native American images should ever be used in commercial ads

b.     It is illegal to promote anyone who has killed U.S. military officers

c.      The ban would help to reduce alcoholism among Native Americans

d.     Crazy Horse’s name and image are both registered Sioux trademarks

1.     Which policy applies to the distribution of Emission Reduction Credits?

a.     The government strictly forbids buying, selling, or trading credits

b.     Credits earned at one plant cannot be transferred to other plants

c.      Credit expire immediately if the plant meets emission standards

d.     Plants earn credits for dipping below the legal cap for pollutants

1.     Which use of Emission Reduction Credits most benefits the environment?

a.     Plants may hoard permits in case a major pollution outbreak occurs

b.     Plants can purchase permits if they find it hard to curtail pollution

c.      Plants may shift all their permits to older, more polluting factories

d.     Pollution will be cut by the plants which can do it more efficiently

1.     Which policy on the treatment of animals is NOT advocated by Tom Regan?

a.     Immediate cessation of all hunting, fishing, and trapping animals

b.     Complete shutdown of all animal agriculture including fairy farms

c.      Stop to all painful experiments on animals solely for human benefit

d.     Program to retrain predatory animals to survive on vegetarian diet

1.     According to Peter Singer, which attitude is morally closest to “speciesism”?

a.     Biodiversity

b.     Racism

c.      Patriotism

d.     Altruism

1.     Which justification of painful experiments on animals is most clearly utilitarian?

a.     Animals would use humans for experiments if the roles were reversed

b.     Animal testing has led to many effective cures for human patients

c.      Animal testing is acceptable as long as the overall good is achieved

d.     There are no alternative tests for much of this useful experimentation

1.     Which ethical explanation for affirmative action is best described as utilitarian?

a.     When someone cannot succeed on his own, society should step in and help

b.     Affirmative action is best for society overall, despite harms caused by some

c.      White people would support affirmative action if they were in the minority

d.     Society is required to ensure that every ethnic group is equally successful

1.     Which is the best argument that strict quotas cause a loss in worker competence?

a.     Those who qualify for affirmative action are probably less competent

b.     Diversity at job sites may lead to a subjective standard of competence

c.      Job seekers who rely on the quota may not improve their competence

d.     Strict quotas leave employers with a smaller pool from which to hire

1.     Which affirmative action policy is approved by the Office of Equal Opportunity?

a.     Minorities are hired even when slightly less qualified than others

b.     Minorities must automatically hired if tied for best applicant

c.      Minorities must always be hired regardless of their qualifications

d.     No preference is given to any candidate based on minority status

1.     Which complaint led Allan Bakke to sue the medical school at Davis, CA?

a.     Bakke had better MCAT scores and grades than some minority admits

b.     Bakke felt that standardized exams were biased against white students

c.      Bakke wanted the school to increase its support for affirmative action

d.     Bakke objected to the use of personal interviews in admission decisions

1.     Which was the primary legal justification for deciding in Bakke’s favor?

a.     Enough black are admitted annually to medical school without quotas

b.     Every citizen is entitled to full protection of the law (14^th amendment)

c.      The medical school could not prove that past admissions were biased

d.     No one should ever receive any benefits based entirely on one’s race

1.     Which reason for Davis’s affirmative action program was accepted by the Court?

a.     Increasing the number of physicians in minority neighborhoods

b.     Reversing the historic effects of past discrimination in the U.S.

c.      Increasing the percentage of minorities in the field of medicine

d.     Increasing the diversity of the students at their medical school