Example:

People should eat broccili regularly because it contains a lot of folic acid.

Conclusion?

Premises?

Conclusion: People should eat broccoli regularly.

Premise: Broccoli contains a lot of folic acid.

-a claim or a statment

-what is expressed by a declaritive sentence

Which of the following are declarative sentences?

Today is Monday.

Are you crazy?

Are you sane?

Shut the door.

Tacos are made of metal.

BC is west of Alberta.

Today is Monday.

Tacos are made of metal.

BC is west of Alberta.

Sentences that express propositions are:

A. dastardly

B. derogatory

C. delicious

D. declarative

E. dental

When is a proposition true?

A. when I think it is

B. when most people think it is

C. when it corresponds to the facts

D. when I'd like it to be

E. when it's not false

1. believe it (think it true)

2. disbelieve it (think it false)

3. suspend judgment

Which contains a proposition?

A. I know how to knit.

B. I know the rockies.

C. I know that SFU is in Canada.

What is the Standard Analysis of Knowledge?

(justified true belief)

S knows that P if and only if

1. S believes that P,

2. P is ture, and

3. S is justified in believing P

necessary

sufficient

True or False

1. If Dr mac is taller than two meters then she's taller thatn one meter.

2. If Dr Mc is taller than one meter, then she's taller than two meters.

3. If Dr Mc is not taller than one meter, then she's not taller that two meters.

4. If Dr Mc is not taller than two meters, then she's not taller than one.

1. True

2. False

3. True

4. False

1. Being taller than one meter is _____ for being taller than two meters.

2. Being taller than two meters is _____ for being taller than one meter.

A. necessary           B. sufficient

C. nec and suff       D. neither nec nor suf 

1. A

2. B

Clearly true?

My dog is eight years old.

1. If Dr Mc is taller that two meter, then she's taller than one meter.

2. If Dr Mc is not taller than one meter, then she's not taller than two meters.

A. Both these are true

B. Both these are false.

C. 1 is true, 2 is false.

D. 1 is false, 2 is true.

If P, then Q

P=

Q=

P=antecedent

Q=consequent

If P, then Q.

P

Therefore,

Q

This argument pattern is valid or invalid?

If an argument is in the form "affirming the antecedent" and has all true premises, its conclusion must be _______.

A. True

B. False

If P, then Q

~Q

Therefore,

~P

This patern is valid or invalid?

Affirming the antecedent and denying the consequent are both ______.

A. valid

B. invalid

If P, then Q

Q

Therefore, P

This pattern is valid or invalid?

If P, then Q

~P,

Therefore, ~Q

This pattern is valid or invalid?

Another kind of sentence:

P and Q

What kind is it?

A conjunction

conjunct and conjunct

Another kind of sentence:

P or Q

What kind is it?

A disjunction

disjunct or disjunct

True or false

1. SfU is in Canada or the moon is made of cheese.

2. SFU is in Canada or hummans are mammals.

3. If an argument is valid, then its conclusion is true.

1. true

2. true 

3. false

If Dr Mc is taller than 10 meters, then she's taller than 5 meters.

Dr Mc is taller that 10 meters.

Therefore, Dr Mc is taller than 5 meters.

Valid or invalid?

True or false

A valid argument with false premises must have a false conclusion. 

What kind of sentence?

P if and only if Q 

P if Q

P only if Q

P if Q is equivalent to

A. If P, then Q.

B. If Q, then P. 

P only if Q is equivalent to:

A. If P, then Q.

B. If Q, then P 

True or false

1. A thing is blue only if it is coloured.

2. Unless a thing is coloured, it's not blue. 

1. False

2. True

P if and only if Q states that P is both ________ and ________ for Q and that Q is both ________ and _______ for P.

necessary

suffiecient

necessary

suffiecient

Gettier thinks:

A. the three conditions are not necessary for knowledge.

B. the three conditions are not suffiecient for knowledge.

C. A and B

D. none of the above. 

1. P and ~P

2. ~(Pand ~P)

A. 1 and 2 are sometimes true, sometimes false.

B. 1 is always false, but 2 is sometimes true and sometimes false.

C. 1 is never false and 2 is never true.

D. 1 is never true and 2 is never false.

E. It depends on what proposition P is.

One can believe it (think it is true)

One can disbelieve it (think it false)

eg. S believes P

         S disbelieves P

(1) S believes that P.

(2) S disbelieves that P.

Could these, if S is rational and has considered P, both be true at the same time?

(1) S believes that P.

(2) S disbelieves that P.

Could they both be false?

Contraries, contradictories, or not in conflict?

1. SFU is in Alberta

2. SFU is in Korea

1. SFU is in Korea

2. SFU is not in Korea

not in conflict

contradictories

Contraries, contradictories, or not in conflict?

1. SFU is only in Korea

2. SFU is only in Alberta

1. SFU is only in Korea

2. SFU is only in BC

contraries

contraries

Contraries, contradictories, or not in conflict?

1. S believes P

2. S disbelieves P

1. S believes P

2. S does not believe P

contradictories

contradictories

If there are instances that meet the conditions but are not instances of the concept the analysis is too _______.

1. narrow

2. broad

If there are instances of the concept that do not meet the conditions then that analysis is too _______.

1. narrow

2. broad

1. It is possible to be justified in believing a false proposition.

2. Justification is closed under deduction.

When is a disjunction true?

A. when none of its disjuncts are true.

B. when one of its disjuncts is true.

C. when all of its disjuncts are true.

D. B & C 

1. The rule of additions is this:

P, therefoore P and Q

false

P, therefore P or Q

Being coloured is ______ for being blue.

A. necassary but not suffiecient

B. suffiecient but not necessary.

C. Both necessary and sufficient.

D. neither necessary nor suffiecient. 

If a proposed definition of a concept is such that some items that fall under the concept do not meet the conditions set by the definition, the definition is too: ________.

A.Deep

B. valid

C. broad

D. narrow

E. none of the above

Which of the following are true?

A. Today is wednesday. or today is not Wednesday

B. What time is it?

C. If I'm late, then I am late.

D. A disjunction is true if its disjuncts are contradictories.

E. Shut up and eat.

A

C

D

Strictly speaking, it follows from "you are cleopatra unless Descartes is a lunatic" that:

A. If Descartes isn't a lunatic, then you are Cleopatra.

B. Descartes isn't a lunatic only if you are Cleopatra.

C. Descartes is a lunatic if you are Cleopatra.

D. Descartes is a lunatic and you are Cleopatra. 

A

B