Term
| 8 - name the 5 major epochs of western philosophy |
|
Definition
| ancient, medieval, renaissance, modern, and contemporary |
|
|
Term
| 8 - what is the relationship between faith and reason? |
|
Definition
| prioritization of faith over reason |
|
|
Term
| 8 - who synthesized Plato? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 8 - who synthesized Aristotle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 8 - what are Aquinas's 5 ways (of proving existence of god)? |
|
Definition
| Motion, cause(efficient), necessity, degree, design |
|
|
Term
| 8 - which of the ways is the cosmological argument? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 8 - which of the ways is the teleological argument? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 8 - what is the problem of evil? |
|
Definition
| if god is all powerful, all knowing, and all good, then why does he allow suffering in the world? |
|
|
Term
| 8 - Aquinas's argument from motion states that without an unmoved mover, we are left with... |
|
Definition
| an infinite regress of things already in motion |
|
|
Term
| OMT - what is the problem of authority? |
|
Definition
| fueled by the protestant reformation, "what can I know for certain?" |
|
|
Term
| 9 - what are the 3 steps to methodic doubt? |
|
Definition
1 - try to doubt every belief
2 - if something cant be doubted, it must be true
3 - see which other beliefs can be deduced from this |
|
|
Term
| 9 - what is the criticism of Descartes' argument in the meditations? |
|
Definition
| it begs the question, god exists because there is no evil genius, but there is no evil genius because there is a god |
|
|
Term
| 9 - what is the cogito? why is it significant? |
|
Definition
| "I think, therefore I am." it is significant because it is an undoubted truth, an evil genius cannot deny it |
|
|
Term
| 9 - what are the 2 attempts by descartes to prove the existence of god? |
|
Definition
| the ontological proof and the source argument |
|
|
Term
| 9 - what is the ontological proof? |
|
Definition
p1 = god is a perfect being
p2 = existence is perfection (nonexistence is an imperfection)
c = god exists |
|
|
Term
| 9 - what is the source argument? |
|
Definition
| god must exist in order to put the idea of god in your mind |
|
|
Term
| 9 - cartesian dualism generates the ... |
|
Definition
| mind body problem (how can a nonmaterial thing (mind) affect a material thing (body)) |
|
|
Term
| 9 - what is cartesian dualism? |
|
Definition
| belief that two different kinds of things exist (mind and body) and humans are a unison of both |
|
|
Term
| 9 - what is the dream conjecture? |
|
Definition
| descartes's way of rejecting the reliability of sense knowledge by pointing out that this whole world might be a dream |
|
|
Term
| 9 - what are the 6 certainly true beliefs |
|
Definition
1 - i am
2 - i am a thinking thing
3 - i am a thinking thing with an idea of god
4 - god exists
5 - god is good (god isnt the evil genius)
6 - therefore, substance dualism |
|
|
Term
| 10 - Locke, Berkeley, and Hume are all... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
substance dualist (mind and matter are different types of existance)
Matter is his stumbling block, "well what are we going to do, say matter isn't real because it cant be empirically verified?"
correspondence theory of truth - a belief is true if the belief corresponds with the way things are in the real world
egocentric predicament - how can I verity an objects existence when all I see of an object is my own perception of it, not the object in actuality?
Distinguished between primary (perceiver-independent , size, shape, location) and secondary (perceiver dependent, color, smell, sound) qualities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Idealist/materialist - what is real is the mind
Resolves the egocentric predicament by stating "to be is to be perceived." (objects exist as a series of perceptions in the mind)
god is his stumbling block, realizes we cant empirically trace back the idea of god |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
skeptic - there is little humans can know for certain
empirical criterion of meaning = process of empirical verification, take any idea in your mind, if it can be traced back to something someone has seen, then it is meaningful, uses ECM to imply there is a "constant conjunction" between two events
emotivism - when we say things like "murder is wrong" we are saying how things make us feel, they are emotional reactions to a phenomenon |
|
|
Term
| 10 - how does empiricism (Locke, Berkeley, Hume) differ from rationalism (Descartes)? |
|
Definition
Rationalism
- Cannot trust senses because they are sometimes deceiving
- A priori reason alone can provide knowledge (about god, the soul)
- There are innate ideas
Empiricism
- Senses are the only source of knowledge of the world
- A priori knowledge is restricted, so we shouldn’t attempt to deduce truths
- There are no innate ideas |
|
|
Term
| 11 - how does kant complete the epistemic turn via the Copernican Revolution in philosophy? |
|
Definition
| resolves the epistemic stalemate between rationalists and empiricists by stating the mind doesn't come pre-stocked with ideas but also isnt a tabula rasa |
|
|
Term
| 11 - what is the copernican revolution in philosophy? |
|
Definition
kant's philosophy which synthesized rationalism and empiricism, states that all knowledge begins with experience, but does not all arise out of experience
important because he completes the "epistemic turn" |
|
|
Term
| 11 - what are the 2 realities? |
|
Definition
noumenal reality - unknowable via reason because we don't experience these things (a thing in and of itself)
phenomenal reality - knowable via reason (human reality/things as experience) |
|
|
Term
| 11 - what is the categorical imperative? What are the first 2 ways it is formulated? |
|
Definition
the supreme moral principle, can be formulated in 4 different ways
First 2:
Universal law formulation - we are to act in ways that consistently apply to everybody
principle of dignity formulation - we are to act in ways that respect dignity of others (Act so that you treat humanity never only as a means(things) but always as an end - meaning treat people as having value all their own, rather than as a tool to satisfy our goals) |
|
|
Term
| 11 - describe kantian ethics |
|
Definition
morality is a function of rationality (deontological - morality is a matter of doing one's duty)
Doing the right thing involves doing the right thing because it is right, the consequences are irrelevant
The categorical imperative applies to all beings, is formulated as the (1) universal law formulation or the (2) principle of dignity formulation |
|
|
Term
| 11 - what are the 2 ways of understanding "morality is a function of rationality"? |
|
Definition
1 - you have autonomy (self-principle) if you are free to choose what you do (ex. scientific determinism - no free will = no accountability)
2 - reason reveals what we ought to do, moral duties are imposed upon us by reason itself |
|
|
Term
| 12 - how does kant disagree with utilitarians about morality? |
|
Definition
kant - consequences of our actions are irrelevant, doing the right thing means doing the right thing because it is right
Utilitarians - it should not be your moral obligation to always be truthful, because a different action may be more positive |
|
|
Term
| 12 - what is the greatest happiness principle? |
|
Definition
| the utilitarian's supreme moral principle, their version of the categorical imperative |
|
|
Term
| 12 - what are the social and political implications of mill's views? |
|
Definition
| there exists an "infirmary of character" our character is a result of bad habits, occupations and the society into which we are thrown affect our habits |
|
|
Term
| 12 - know the difference between Bentham’s utilitarianism and Mill’s |
|
Definition
Bentham - all pleasures are equal, majority rules (whatever gives the most people pleasure is the best)
Mill - some pleasures are inherently better than other pleasures |
|
|
