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PHE 450
Epidemiology
62
Health Care
Undergraduate 4
07/02/2010

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Term
5 Objectives of Epi
Definition
1. id the etiology or cause of a disease and the relevent risk factors
2. to determine the extent of disease found in the community, what is the burden of disease in the community?
3. to study the natural history and prognosis of disease
4. to evaluate both existing an dnewly developed preventive and therapeutic measures and modes of health care delivery
5. to provide the foundation for developing public policy to relating to environmental problems, genetic issues or other considerations regarding disease prevention and health promotion
Term
Major Role of Epi
Definition
To provide a clue to changes that take place over time in the healht problems presenting in the community.
Term
Epidemological Transition
Definition
the pattern seen in developing countries, as countires become more industrialized they increasingly manifest the mortality patterns currently seen in developed countires,the burden of disease shifts from infectious disease to chronic illnesses; with chronic disease mortality becoming the major challenge.
Term
3 Leading Causes of Death in US
Definition
1.heart disease
2. cancer
3. stroke
Term
Major Use of Epi Evidence
Definition
is to identify subgroups in the population who are at high risk for disease
Term
Reason for Identifying High Risk Groups
Definition
1. to direct preventive efforts to populations who are more likely to benefit from any interventions that are developed for the disease
2. may be able to identify the specific factors or characteristics that put them at high risk and then try to modify those factors.
Term
3 Levels of Prevention
Definition
1. Primary Prevention
2. Secondary Prevention
3. Tertiary Prevention
Term
Primary Prevention
Definition
Preventing the initial development of a disease
ex: immunization, reducing exposure to a risk factor
Term
Secondary Prevention
Definition
Early detection of existing disease to reduce severity and complications - id ppl in whom a disease has already begun but who have not yet developed clinical signs or symptoms of the illness - preclinical phase
ex: screenings
Term
Tertiary Prevention
Definition
Reducing the impact of the disease
ex: Rehabilitation
Term
Stages of Disease
Definition
1. clinical disease: signs and symptoms present
2. non-clinical disease: no signs of symptoms yet
a. pre-clinical disease: disease destined to become clinical
b. sub-clinical disease: disease NOT destined to become clinical
c. latent disease: infection with no current multiplication of infectious agent
d. chronic disease: disease that persists or recurs years later
Term
Natural History of Diease
Definition
used to predict prognosis
preclinical phase:
(A) biologic onset of disease
(P) pathologic Evidence of disease if sought
(S) signs and symptoms
Clinical Phase:
(S) signs and symptoms of disease
(M) medical care sought
(D) diagnosis
(T) treatment
Term
Epi and Clinical practice
Definition
the practice of medicine is dependent on population data. population based concepts and data underlie the critical processes of clinical practice, including diagnosis, prognostication, and selection of therapy.
Term
Epi Approach to IDing the cause of a disease
Definition
1. determine whether an association exisits btwn exposure to a factor or a charactersistc of a person and the development of the disease in question
2. try to derive appropriate inferences about a possible causal relationship from the patterns of the associations that have been found.
Term
Disease is the result from...
Definition
...an interaction of the host, the agent, and the envronment.
Term
Epidemological Triad of a Disease
Definition
Disease is the product of an interaction of the human host, an infectious or other type of agaent and the envronment that promotes the exposures. a vector, is often involved.
Term
Disease transmission (modese)
Definition
1. direct transmission - ex: transmitted person to person by means of direct contact.
2. indirect transmission - occurs through a common vehicle - single exposure, multiple exposure, continuous exposure, like a contaminated air or water supply - or through a vector, such a mosquito
Term
Carrier Status
Definition
individuals harbor the organism, but is not infected as measured by serologic studies (no eveidence of an antibody response) or by evidence of clinical illness, this person can still infect others, although the infectivery is often lower than with other infections.
carrier state may be of short or long duration.
Term
Endemic
Definition
the habitual presence of a disease within a given geographic area. the usual occurence of a given disease within such an area.
Term
Epidemic
Definition
as the occurence in a commmunity or region of group of illnesses of similar nature, clearly in excess of normal expectancy, and derived from a common or from a propagated source.
Term
Pandemic
Definition
worldwide epidemic
Term
common vehicle exposure
Definition
outbreak occurs in group of people who have all been exposed to the same thing
Term
Single Exposure
Definition
become ill after one exposure
Term
Multiple Exposure
Definition
becoming ill after being exposed mulitple times
Term
Periodic Contamination
Definition
Term
Continuous Exposure/Contamination
Definition
Term
Disability
Definition
temporary or long-term reduction of a person's capatcity to fully function physically, mentally or socially
Term
Health Outcomes
Definition
Disability
Death (mortality)
Disease (morbidity) - infectious & chronic
Development of a risk factor
Term
Mortality
Definition
Death
measured in terms of: persons who died, cause(s) of death
survival - not dying, not developing disease
Term
Morbidity
Definition
sickness, illness, disease
any departure, subjective or objective, from a state of physiological or pschological well being
measured in terms of - persons who are/were ill, illnesses experienced, length of illnesses
Term
Susceptibility
Definition
state of being easily affected by disease risks/occurrence
determined by factors unique to host: genetics, immune system, nutrition, competing health conditions
for disease transmission to occur, the host must be susceptible
Term
Infectious Disease
Definition
illness due to a specific infectious agent (usually a bacterium, virus, or parasite) or its toxic products

ex: Influenza, malaria, HIV/AIDS
Term
Agents
Definition
Bacteria, viruses or parasites
fungi, protozoa
helminths, arthropod
fomite
social factors
Term
Properties of Infectious Agents
Definition
Infectivity
Pathogenicity
Virulence
Term
Infectivity
Definition
the propensity for transmission
measured by the secondary attack rate in a household, school, ect.
(number infected/number susecptible)*100
Term
Pathogenicity
Definition
the propensity of an agent to cause disease or clinical symptoms
measured by the apparent:inapparent infection ratio
(number w/clinical disease/number infected)
Term
Virulence
Definition
the propensity of an agent to cause severe disease
measured by the case fatality ratio
(number of deaths/number w/disease)*100
Term
Case
Definition
person with the disease of interest
case is a risk factor - infection can be transmitted to others
Term
Reservoir
Definition
the habitat in which an infectious agent normally lives, grows and multiplies
infectious disease (agent) spreads from reservoir to indiviudals or sites of infection on individuals
Reservoirs include: human, animal, environmental
Term
Vector
Definition
asymptomatic carriers of pathogenic agents - host carries pathogen w/o injury to itself and spreads pathogen to susceptible organisms
Term
Routes of Transmission
Definition
Direct: direct contact - mucous membrane to muscous membrane - cross placental (vertical transmission) - blood or tissue - skin to skin. Droplet Spread: -snneezes, coughs, spit
Indierct: through common "vehicle" - contaminated water, air, food. - vectors - fomites - medical devices and treatments
Term
Portals of Exit
Definition
How agents exit your body or that of other reservoirs
-repiratory tract - gentio-urinary tract - feces - saliva - skin - conjunctival secretions - placenta
Term
Portals of Entry
Definition
How agents enter your body
-respiratory tract - mouth (fecal-oral transmission) - skin - mucous membrane - blood
Term
Types of Infection
Definition
Persistent
Latent
Inapparent (sub-clinical)
Term
Persistent Infection
Definition
a chronic infection with continued low-grade survival and multiplicaton of the agent
Term
Latent Infection
Definition
an infection with no active multiplication of the agent. in contrast to a persistent infection, only the genetic message is present in the host, not viable organisms.
Term
Inapparent Infection (sub-clinical)
Definition
an infection with no clinical symptoms, usually diagnosed by serological (antibody) responce or culture.
Term
Chain of Infection
Definition
in order for infection and diesease to occur in an individual a process involving six related components must occur - the chain of infection
-infectious agent - reservior - portals of exit - means of transmission - portals of entry - susecptible host -infectious agent.
to stop the spread of disease one or more of these links must be broken.
Term
Immunity
Definition
the capacity of a person to remain free of infection or clinical illness after being exposed to an infectious agent
Term
Herd Immunity
Definition
resistance of a group to introduction and spread of an infectious agent because most members in group are immune
resistance is a product of the number of susceptibles and the probability that those who are susceptible will come into contact with an infected person - - once large part of community immune, less likely for an infected person to come in contact with susceptible person
Term
Incubation Period
Definition
Time interval from entry of infectious agent (exposure) to onset of clinical illness (signs or symptoms of infection) - length of incubation period depends on infectious agent/organism
Term
Severity of Infectious Disease
Definition
varies by type of organism, related to how good organism is in producing disease ("virulence"), depends on where in the body the organism has chosen to replicate itself/cause infection, depends on health of human host.
Term
Purpose of Infectious Disease Epi
Definition
-identification of causes of new, emerging infections
-surveillence of infectious disease
-identification of source of outbreaks
-study routes of transmission
-study natural history of infection
-identification of new interventions
Term
Surveillence
Definition
ongoing systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of health data essential to the planning, implementation and evaluation of public health practices
Term
Types of Surveillence
Definition
-Passive: physicians, labs, hospitals reports cases that come to their attention
-active: periodic telephone calls or personal visits to reporting individuals to obtain data
-Syndromic: using helath-related data that precede diagnosis and signal a sufficient probablility of a case or an outbreak to warrant further public health response
Term
Chronic Disease
Definition
illness or condition that persists
-does not resolve spontaneously
-complete cure is rarely achived
-uncertian causes (etiology)
-multiple risk factors
-often long latency period
Term
Control of Chronic Disease
Definition
-reduce incidence through primary prevention -prevent disease onset - prevent risk behaviors
-delay onset of disability
-alleviate severity of disease
-prolong life
Term
Examples of Chronic Disease
Definition
-cardiovascular disease - obesity - carpal tunnel - asthma - cancers 0 migraines - epilepsy - diabetes
Term
Outbreak
Definition
when the number of cases of illness observed in a population is greater than the number of cases of illness expected in that population - in a given area - over a particular period of time - among a specific group of people
-determinants: - number of susceptible (at-risk) people in a population - number of non-susceptible people in a population
Term
Features of an outbreak
Definition
-unusual event -emergency: public health, political, economic -event requiring rapid action -signifies failure in surveillance -signifies failure in control -oppertunity for intervention
Term
Factors that Influence Outbreaks
Definition
-type of infectious agent -transmission types -incubation periods -herd immunity -susceptibility of host
Term
Types of Infectious Disease Outbreaks
Definition
-common-vehicle exposures: all cases resulted from exposure to same agent
-single exposure (exposed one time)
-multiple exposures: periodic exposures, continuous exposures
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