-consists of glands that secrete hormones

-maintains homeostasis

-hormone release commonly controlled by negative feedback

-one hormone may control another

-The last hormone in the pathway turns off the secretion from the first hormone to prevent the overproduction of a hormone.

-congenital malformations

-infection, ischemia, inflammation, autoimmune, cancer

-aging

-necessary hormones decreased/ absent

-can fix itself most of the time

-excessive stimulation

-hyperplasia (increased number of cells)

-hormone secreting tumor

-may have to do surgery to stop the hormone from working

-px originated with that particular gland (in the gland)

-px originates with a deficiency of a necessary hormone to function; gland may be functioning (outside of the gland)

-px as a result of hypothalmic activity

-control many other glands

-hypothalamus secretes releasing hormones

-pituitary releases the hormones

-replacement therapy

-antineoplastics

-natural therapeutic effects

-inhibit actions of certain hormones

-used as an antagonist

-difficult and expensive to obtain

-it is more effective to give a hormone that directly effects secretion

-called the "master gland"

-located at the base of the brain next to the hypothalamus

-anterior pituitary secretes ACTH, TSH, GH, FSH, FH, and Prolactin

-controls cortisol

-controls thyroid hormones

-controls sex hormones

-regulates fertility

• Prolactin, oxytocin
• Corticotropin, growth hormone
• Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

• ACTH deficiency (can be life threatening)
• can lead to increased morbidity and mortality
• pattern- GH, then LH and FSH, then TSH, and ACTH last
• Treatment: underlying cause, cortisol (ACTH), thyroid (TSH), sex hormones (LH, FSH), GH

• stimulates growth and metabolism
• excessive amounts increase glucose levels
• produced most in childhood and early adolescence
• carried in plasma; 20-50 min half life
• levels peak 1-4 hours after the onset of sleep
• release stimulated by hypoglycemia, fasting, starvation, increased serum amino acids, and stress
• inhibited by hyperglycemia free fatty acid release, cortisol, and obesity
• deficiency results in dwarfism
• TX: somatrem (Protropin) and somatropin (Humatrope)
• only works prepuberty before bones close

• congenital GH deficiency
• normal birth wt, intelligence, short stature, obesity, immature appearence, delayed skeletal maturity and puberty
• TX: GH replacement (SubQ several times a week)
• may be given to short children w/o GH def. to increase Ht
• may help short stature in adults a little
• abused especially by athletes

• increased wt in the trunk
• produces a cardiovascular risk
• TX: GH replacement

• growth hormone
• Protropin and Genotropin
• Action- hormone replacement
• Uses- deficiency states, short stature