Term
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Definition
Depolymerizes microtubules.
IV or Oral
Tx acute gout attack, recurrence of gouty arthritis (not other types of arthritis) and Familial Mediterranean Fever
SE - GI disturbance, blood dyscrasias |
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Term
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Definition
COX inhibitor
NSAID, analgesic, antipyretic (inhbits the release of PG and inflammatory cytokines), inhibits leukocyte motility
Tx: acute gout attacks
*Must give with an antacid (prevent peptic ulcers)
Dosing: 50 mg 3x/day
SE: GI (nausea, vomiting, ulcers), severe frontal HA, hematopoietic disorders, and Indomethacin antagonizes furosemide and HCTZ (pay attn to HTN meds the pt is on when perscribing). |
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Term
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Definition
Structurally similar to uric acid.
A competitive/suicide inhibitor of xanthine oxidase (binds active site). Metabolized to oxypurinol (non-competitive inhibitor of XO)
↓ plasma levels and ↓ urinary levels of UA;
↑ precursors of UA (xanthine & hypoxanthine);
Helps dissolve UA crystals & prevent UA kidney stones.
Tx: Primary Gout (↑ UA due to enzyme abnormalities) and Secondary gout (due to hematologic disorders like multiple myeloma or chemo)
SE: ↑ acute gout flares, hypersensitivity rxns (dermatitis)
CI: liver failure, renal failure,
Drug Interactions:
Antibiotics (Ampicillin and related abx) and 6-mercaptopurine (chemo drug, must ↓ 6-mercap dose when on allopurinol bc 6-mercap is metabolized by XO). |
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Term
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Definition
Mkt as Uloric
Structurally unrelated to Uric Acid (unlike allopurinol)
Inhibitor of oxidized & reduced forms of xanthine oxidase.
↓ uric acid levels.
More potent than allopurinol with less SE.
Tx: Gout, second line (pt who don't tolorate allopurinol); useful in renal insufficiency, in place of allopurinol (which is CI in renal failure pt).
SE: transaminase elevation (mild liver damage) |
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Term
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Definition
Inhibits transport of organic anions across epithelia (blocks the Brush Border Transporter in the PCT) blocking UA reabsorption.
↑ UA excretion (Uricosuric); ↑ dissolution of UA crystals.
Tx: Hyperuricemia due to poor renal UA secretion (kidney is not screting enough UA daily, <1g/day)
Pt must maintain high urine volume (remain hydrated) and renal function must be normal to take this drug*
SE: Salicylates (asprin) inhibit the uricosuric actions of probenecid. |
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Term
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Definition
A bio-uricolytic: recombinant, PEGylated (↑ half life) analog of urate oxidase;
Urate oxidase is an enzyme humans lack that degrades UA to, easily excreted (more soluble) form: Allantoin.
Pegloticase ↓ serum UA AND ↓ urinary UA
IV Only
Tx: Severe gout and when all other meds have failed (2nd/3rd line), dissolution of trophi, ↓ kidney stones (if pt remain well hydrated).
SE: Gout flares due to rapid ↓ in UA levels (tx w/ colchicine, NSAIDs prophylactically), antibodies can develop against PEG moiety. |
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Term
Recognize the following Beta-blockers (9) |
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Definition
Non-specific: Propranolol, Pindolol, Naldolol,
Cardioselctive (β1): Timolol, metoprolol, Atenolol, Esmolol, Acebutolol
Mixed (nonspecific β+α) : Labetolol |
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Term
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Definition
Nitroglycerine: sublingual, short acting
Causes venodilation (↓ preload),
coronary vasodilation (↓ afterload), ↓/reverses coronary vasospasm (tx variant angina), slight ↓ BP, slight ↑ HR,
↓ pulmonary vascular resistance
SE - hypotension (arterial vasodilation), reflex tachy, ↓ coronary perfusion, HA, rash.
CI - with Sildenifil (Viagra), profoundly potentiates its effects. Dangerous interaction. |
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Term
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Definition
Nitroglycerine: slow onset, medium duration of action (4-6 hrs)
Causes venodilation (↓ preload),
coronary vasodilation (tx ischemia, vasospasm),
slight ↓ BP, slight ↑ HR,
↓ pulmonary vascular resistance
SE - hypotension (arterial vasodil), reflex tachy, ↓ coronary perfusion, headache, rash.
CI- with Sildenifil (Viagra) |
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Term
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Definition
Nitroglycerine: Medium onset and duration of action (4-6 hrs)
Causes venodilation (↓ preload),
coronary vasodilation (tx ischemia, vasospasm),
slight ↓ BP, slight ↑ HR,
↓ pulmonary vascular resistance
SE - hypotension (arterial vasodil), reflex tachy, dec coronary perfusion, headache, rash
CI- (potentiation) with Sildenifil (Viagra) |
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Term
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Definition
Nitroglycerine: medium onset, long duration (8-12 hrs)
Causes venodilation (↓ preload),
coronary vasodilation (tx ischemia, vasospasm),
slight ↓ BP, slight ↑ HR,
↓ pulmonary vascular resistance
SE - hypotension (arterial vasodil), reflex tachy, dec coronary perfusion, headache, rash
CI- Interacts (potentiation) with Sildenifil (Viagra) |
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Term
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Definition
L-type Calcium Channel Blocker (CCB); dihydropyridine (DHP):selective for vascular SM, not cardiac;
Short Acting
↓ O2 demand of the heart by ↓ afterload*
Tx HTN (use w/ diuretic), angina, valvular insufficency
SE - Peripheral edema (precapillary arteriolar vasodilation), hypoT=reflex tachycardia (always use w a βB), HA, GI irritation, constipation.
Coronary Steal, a paradoxical worsening of angina DHP CCB.
*Beta blockers are better for angina* DHP CCB are used in pt unable to tolorate a BB or as an add-on* |
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Term
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Definition
L-type CCB; DHP: selective for vascular SM, not cardiac; short acting
↓ O2 demand of the heart by ↓ afterload*
Tx HTN (use w/ diuretic), angina, valvular insufficency
SE - Peripheral edema (precapillary arteriolar vasodilation), hypoT=reflex tachycardia (always use w a βB), HA, GI irritation, constipation.
Coronary Steal, a paradoxical worsening of angina DHP CCB.
*Beta blockers are better for angina* DHP CCB are used in pt unable to tolorate a BB or as an add-on*
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Term
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Definition
L-type CCB; DHP
↓ O2 demand of the heart by ↓ afterload*
Tx HTN (use w/ diuretic), angina, valvular insufficency
SE - Peripheral edema, hypoT=reflex tachycardia (always use w a βB), HA, GI irritation, constipation.
Coronary Steal, a paradoxical worsening of angina w use of DHP CCB.
*Beta blockers are better for angina* DHP CCB are used in pt unable to tolorate a BB or as an add-on* |
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Term
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Definition
L-type CCB; DHP
↓ O2 demand of the heart by ↓ afterload*
Tx HTN (use w/ diuretic), angina, valvular insufficency
SE - Peripheral edema (precapillary arteriolar vasodilation), hypoT=reflex tachycardia (always use w a βB), HA, GI irritation, constipation.
Coronary Steal, a paradoxical worsening of angina with use of DHP CCB.
*Beta blockers are better for angina* DHP CCB are used in pt unable to tolorate a BB or as an add-on* |
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Term
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Definition
L-type Calcium Channel Blocker; dihydropyridine;
long 1/2 life
↓ O2 demand of the heart by ↓ afterload*
Tx HTN (use with diuretic), angina, arterial vasodilation,
Ok to use in pts with CHF, no neg inotropy;
selective for vascular SM, not cardiac.
SE - peripheral edema, reflex tachy (use w βB), hypotension, constipation |
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Term
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Definition
Class IV AA; non-DHP CCB; phenylalkylamine
Works at slow conduction tissues: SA, AVN
Arterial vasodiltior, - ionotrope, - chronotrope, ↓ contractility, ↓ AV conduction
(↓ HR, ↑ diastole=↑ coronary perfusion)
Reverses vasospasm (varient angina)
Tx: HTN w/angina (exertional, vasospastic), Afib, Aflutter, reentry arrhythmias, PSVT (↓ contractility/AV conduction);
Asthma, COPD and DM=OK!
Use in pts with normal LV fxn who can't tolerate BBs
SE - Peripheral edema, reflex tachy, hypoT, constipation, depression of SA/AV node+myocardial depression, nausea, HA.
CI: With BB (cardiac depression, asystole) and in pt with history of MI/CHF (causes ↑ mortality in these pt), CI with other CYP metabolized drugs* |
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Term
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Definition
Class IV AA, non-DHP CCB; benzothiazepine, intermediate between phenyl and DHPs
Tx angina (or HTN w angina)
(arterial vasodilator, - ionotrope, - chronotrope), Afib, Aflutter, reentry arrhythmias, PSVT.
Use in pts with normal LV function, but can't tolerate BBs
Ltd. reflex tachycardia (better at this than Verapamil but Verapamil has ↑ Ionotropic/Chronotropic effects)
SE - depression of SA/AV nodes, myocardial depression (↓ contractility), peripheral edema, hypoT, rashes, nausea, headache, bradycardia, CHF
CI- pt on BB and pt with CHF andwith other CYP metabolized drugs*
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Term
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Definition
Metabolic Modulator
↑ glucose oxidation/efficiency of O2 use in heart
Does not effect HR/BP and does not relieve acute anginal attacks.
Tx:Chronic stable angina (w/ amlodapine, BB, nitrates);for pts refractory to revascularization (4th, 5th-line tx)
OK in pregnancy (Class C)
SE - Dizziness, syncope, HA, nausea, constapation, asthenia (weakness).
CI- w/ CYP3A4 inhibitors (nonDHP CCBs, some abx, grapefruit juice),
Preexisting long QT or use of class 1A/III AAs, or Digoxin, use of TCA.
Liver or renal impairment. |
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Term
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Definition
Class 1A - (intermed. dissociation rate) antiarrhythmic;
Orphan Drug* (rarely used in modern practice)
↓ membrane responsiveness by binding to Na channels (also has action as an alpha-blocker and a vagolytic)
↓ conduction velocity, ↓ effective refractory period
Tx atrial and ventricular arrhythmias
SE - hypoT Torsades, syncope, diarrhea, autoimmune thrombocytopenia
CI- Pt with A-fib (causes paradoxical acceleration of AV nodal conduction due to vagolytic activity) |
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Term
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Definition
Class 1A prototype- intermed. dissociation rate (2 sec);
↓ membrane responsiveness by binding to Na channels O and C states and preventing reversion to R, has some K+ blocking properties (see QT prologation below),
↓ conduction velocity, ↑ effective refractory period;
IV only
Tx-Short-term, acute control of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias (ex: post-op A-fib)
SE - High prevalence of SE incl (+)FANA, drug induced lupus, GI intolerance, bone marrow aplasia, QT prolongation, Torsades.
Watch dosing in slow acetylators* |
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Term
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Definition
Class 1A- intermed. dissociation rate;
Decreases membrane responsiveness by binding to Na channels, dec conduction velocity, dec effective refractory period
Tx atrial and ventricular arrhythmias (autonomic anticholinergic effects) and urinary retention
SE - Torsades |
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Term
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Definition
Class 1B prototype - rapid dissociation rate (< 1 sec);
↓ membrane responsivity by binding to Na channels, ↓ conduction velocity, ↓ ERP
Short half-life, extensive first pass metabolism, req loading IV bolus or 2.
Tx - Ventricular arrhythmias, short-term suppression of VPBs, V tach; suppression of automaticity, interruption of ventricular reentry.
Specifically able to ↓ membrane responsivity in ischemic and partially depolarized tissues=esp good at preventing V-fib*
SE - CNS, agitation, confusion, seizures
Often missed, these symptoms=those of CCU Psychosis
Elimination is by hepatic biotransformation which is altered in CHF pt who are prone to lidocaine toxicity.
CI- as MI prophylaxis, shows ↑ mortality |
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Term
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Definition
Class 1B - rapid dissociation rate;
↓ membrane responsiveness by binding to Na channels, ↓ conduction velocity, ↓ effective refractory period
Orally-effective analog of Lidocaine
Tx- Vent arrhythmias, suppression of VPBs, V tach; suppresses automaticity, interrupts ventricular reentry;
SE - CNS, agitation, confusion, seizures, GI distress- (limiting factor to the use of this drug)
Note that in general the use of class IB agents is ↓ in favor of using class III agents |
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Term
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Definition
Class 1C prototype - SLOW dissociation rate (>10 sec);
Prolongs QRS; ↓ membrane responsiveness by binding to Na channels with high affinity, ↓ conduction velocity, ↓ automaticity, ↑ ERP in atria, vent, AVN
Tx: supraventricular arrhythmias, WPW, A fib, A flutter;
SE - pro-arrhythmic effect; contraindicated in pts with structural heart disease (incl. necrotic infarcts) - inc mortality post-MI; |
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Term
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Definition
Class 1C - SLOW dissocaition rate;
↓ membrane responsiveness by binding to Na channels, has some B-blocker activity, ↓ conduction velocity, ↑ effective refractory period
Tx supraventricular arrhythmias, WPW, A fib, A flutter;
SE - Pro-arrhythmic effect (strictly CI in pt w/ structural heart disease, incl. necrotic infarcts),
↑ mortality post-MI |
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Term
Class II Anti-Arrhythmics - a.k.a. what functional category? |
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Definition
Beta-blockers, know them
- ↓ automaticity related to catecholamine acvitity and ischemia (effective anti-anginals).
- ↓ AVN conduction velocity.
- ↓ atrial and ventricular arrhythmias post-MI and ↑ survival in these pt.
- Interrupts reentry in the AV node to halt PVST
- ↓ AV nodal conuction in supraventricular arrhythmias.
- Prevents EAD and Toursades in pt with prolonged QT intervals.
- Blocks the symptoms mediated by hyperadrenergic states (chest pain, arrhythmias etc...)
- Tx HTN, angina, acute and prophylactic MI, CHF (off label for arrhythmias).
- IV or PO
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Term
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Definition
Class III - K+ channel blocker;
also blocks Na (class I), Ca (IV), and BB (class II);
Interacts with TH (thyroid) receptors; prolongs AP, ↑ effective refractory period*; inhibits abnormal automaticity, ↑ fibrillation threshold, prevents cell-cell coupling (key in preventing fibrillation).
Tx: Vtach, Vfib, A-fib, IV for cardiac rescuscitation, PO for chronic atrial, vent, AVN arrhythmias (Most effective drug at preventing Afib and Vent tachycardia).
Effective: See prolonged PR, QRS and QT intervals + bradycardia (unique EKG)
PO or IV, slow elimination (req loading dose)
SE - pulmonary fibrosis, hypo- hyper-thyroid, blindness, hepatitis, corneal microdeposits, photosensitivity dermatitis(grey-blue skin), muscle weakness
(Torsades is rare!)
CI- Metabolized by/inhibits CYP3A4 (CI with other drugs that use or block 3A4). |
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Term
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Definition
Class III - K channel blocker (D and L isomers, prolongs AP); non-selective beta-blocker (L-isomer only, 1/3 the potency of propanolol)
Tx - Atrial, Vent, AVN reentrant arrhythmias incl V-tach
CI - long QT, COPD/Asthma, CHF, AV block, sinus bradycardia, as MI prophylaxis (↑ mortality), excreted in kidney, adjust dosing for renal failure pt.
SE - Torsades |
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Term
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Definition
Class III prototype - K channel blocker;
Prolong repolarization therefore ↑ effective refractory period; interrupts reentry,
↑ fibrillation threshold (↓ fib's)
Tx: IV for acute atrial arrhythmias (Afib, Aflutter)
SE - Torsades |
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Term
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Definition
Class III - K channel blocker;
Prolong repolarization therefore ↑ effective refractory period and ↑ duration of the AP
Has significant pro-arrhythmic SE and is rarely used. |
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Term
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Definition
Class III - K channel blocker;
inhibits NE release from presynaptic neurons
Tx - IV for emergency Vfib or Vtach
SE - orthostatic Hypotension |
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Term
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Definition
AA (no class)
Terminates acute PSVT by blocking the AV node;
short half-life, IV only
Tx: PVST*
SE - tight chest, flushing, bronchospasm, transient asystole, and recurrence of PSVT (*Must follow with another antiarrhythmic to prevent this).
Contraindications - methylxanthines (caffeine), Dypyridamole (potentiation, is an anticoag that causes vasodilation when used chronically),
WPW |
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Term
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Definition
AA (no class), Digitalis glycoside;
↑ intracell [Ca] by blocking the Na/K-ATPase, ↑ intracellular Na, ↑ activity Na/Ca exchanger;
↑ Ca = ↑ contractility;
AA - vagal nerve activity, ↓ SA automaticity, ↓ AVN conduction
Arrhythmogenic - direct effect due to Na/K ATPase activity (source of most SE).
Paradoxical effect, ↑ normal automaticity; ↓ in AV conduction velocity (↑ PR interval);
SE: ↑ automaticity causing DAD leading to premature atrial and vent contractions and v tach.
CI: interactions with diuretics, warfarin, in WPW pt. |
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Term
Why do you never want to interrupt an IV nitroglycerin drip in a pt with angina? |
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Definition
Anginal Rebound
If the angina in the pt is unstable interruption of the dose can cause vasospasm which can worsen angina or result in MI. |
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Term
Rationale behind the use of beta blockers in tx angina. |
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Definition
DO: blunt/↓ HR, ↓ contractility, ↓ afterload (CNS effects)
Tx: Unstable angina (with nitrates, asprin, and heparin) Exertional angina (↓ HR and contractility) Very good*
MI; acute and prophylaxis:↓ chest pain/angina, ↓ ST elevation, ↓ cardiac enzymes, ↓ ventricular ectopy/fibrillation, ↓ reinfarction and ischemic episodes, ↓ mortality!
BB do NOT: ↓ preload, or prevent coronary vasospasm.
CI: Sinus bradycardia, SA/AV block, decompensated CHF, asthma (bronchospasm), DM (hypoglycemia), or with non-DHP CCB.
Do not withdraw BB abruptly in an angina/MI pt = Severe reflex tachycardia. |
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Term
What are some popular combinations of BB with other drugs and what condition(s) are these combinations used to treat? |
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Definition
BB+Nitrates: ↓ LVEDP, LV volume, dilates coronary arteries. Tx angina (unstable and exertional).
BB+DHP-CCB: prevents coronary vasospasm, ↓ systemic vascular resistance. Tx angina (vasospastic and unstable) |
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Term
50% of the population are poor acetylators imparing their metabolism of which drug? |
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Definition
Procanamide (Class IA antiarrhythmic)
Is metabolized by the liver: Acetylated so it can be excreted by the kidneys.
Half of thepopulation are slow acetylators and these individuals have a higher incidence of +FANA and other SE of this drug.
Also, in renal failure pt who are also poor acetylators, the metabolites of this drug accumulate in the body. |
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Term
Distinguish structural from non-structural heart disease.
Why is this significant in tx arrhythmias? |
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Definition
Structural Heart Dz: Coronary Dz w/ ischemia, LV dysfunction, CHF, sustained ventricular tachycardia.
Non-Structural Heart Dz: Supraventricular arrhythmias incl atrial flutter, A-fib, and SVT.
Important because Class IC agents (Flecainide, Propfenone) are strictly CI in pt with structural heart dz but ok to use in those with non-structural heart dz* |
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Term
Amniodarone Pulmonary Toxicity |
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Definition
An important SE of Amniodarone (Class III AA) use.
Helpful to do a baseline CXR to detect, esp if pt has preexisting pulm dz (higher incidence in this group)
2 types of toxicity:
Interstitial pneumonitis is slow onset with intersitial shadows on CXR.
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is rapid onset and CXR shows alveolar shadows.
Presents with dyspnea, a non-productive cough, pleuritic chest pain, weight loss and crepitations*
CXR shows bilateral diffuse changes + ↓ pulmonary fxn.
Stop the drug if this happens.
If you must continue the drug ↓ dosage bc risk is dose-related. |
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