Normal Body Temp (oral)

98.6 F

Low-grade Fever

99.5-101 F

High grade Fever

>103 F

Normal WBC range

In which cases would it be elevated?

4,000 to 10,000 cells/mm³

elevates during infections, stress, inflammation, leukemia, drugs (i.e. high dose steroids)

WBC with diff

WBC (leukocyte) and differential measures the different WBCs like neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes

Neutrophils

most abundant (~70% of all WBCs)

Mature neutrophils ("segs")=segmented nucleus

Immature neutrophils ("bands")= single lobe nucleus, not segmented

Left Shift

release of immature neutrophils from bone marrow

(i.e. # of bands > # of segs)

significant for an acute infection

Cellular function of...

Neutrophils

Eosinophils

Basophils

Macrophages and monocytes

B lymphocytes

T lymphocytes

Neutrophils...defense against bacteria and fungus

Eosinophils...defense against parasite; response against allergic reactions

Basophils...allergic response

Macrophages and monocytes...antigen presenting cell; surveillance of antigens

B lymphocytes...antibody producing; antigen presenting cell

T lymphocytes...cellular immunity against virus and tumors; regulation of the immune system

Aerobic Gram Positive Cocci (GPC)

Staphylococcus spp.

Streptococcus spp.

Enterococcus spp.

Staphylococcus spp

Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus epidermidis (aka Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus epidermidis, CoNS)

Staphylococcus saprophyticus

Streptococcus spp.

Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A β-hemolytic)

Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B β-hemolytic)

Streptococcus pneumoniae (α-hemolytic)

Viridans Group Streptococci (α-hemolytic)-found in mouth (which is a part of the GI tract)

Streptococcus bovis (Group D Nonenterococcal Strep.)

Enterococcus spp.

Enterococcus faecalis

Enterococcus faecium

(VRE-vancomycin resistant enterococcus)

Aerobic Gram Negative Bacilli (GNB)

Enterobacteriaceae ("enteric")

Nonenterobacteriaceae

Enterobacteriaceae

Escherichia coli

Klebsiella spp

Enterobacter spp

Citrobacter spp

Proteus mirabilis

Providencia spp

Morganella morganii

Serratia spp

Shigella spp

Salmonella spp

Yersinia enterocolitica

Nonenterobacteriaceae

*Pseudomonas aeruginosa

*Acinetobacter baumannii

*Stenotrophomonas (Xanthamonas) maltophilia

Haemophilus influenzae

Legionella pneumophilia (atypical organism)

Bordetella pertussis

Bartonella henselae and Pasteurella multocida

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)

Brucella spp

Vibrio cholera

Campylobacter jejuni

Aerobic Gram Positive Bacilli

Spore-forming

Bacillus spp

(Bascillus anthracis, bacillus cereus)

Nonspore-forming

Corynebacterium spp

Listeria monocytogenes

Nocardia spp

Aerobic Gram Negative Cocci

Neisseria spp

(Neisseria meningitidis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae)

Moraxella catarrhalis

Anaerobic Gram Positive Bacilli

Spore Forming

Clostridium spp

(clostridium perfringens, clostridium difficile)

Nonspore Forming

Actinomyces spp, Propionibacterium acnes, Lactobacillus spp

Anaerobic Gram Negative Bacilli

Bacteroides spp

(Bacteroides melaninogenicus, Bacteroides fragilis)

Fusobacterium spp

Prevotella spp

Anaerobic Gram Positive Cocci

Peptostreptococcus spp and Peptococcus spp

Anaerobic Gram Negative Cocci

Veillonella spp

Miscellaneous Microorganisms

Chlamydia trachomatis

Chlamydophilia pneumoniae

Rickettsia rickettsii

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Borrelia burgdorferi

Mycobacterium spp

(myco. tuberculosis)

Atypical microorganisms

1. Legionella pneumophilia

2. Mycoplasma pneumoniae

3. Chlamydophilia pneumoniae

Gram Stain

Identifies Gram positive (stains blue/purple) or gram negative (stains red) organisms

Identifies bacterial morphology

cocci (spherical): clusters or pairs (diplococci)

Bacilli (rods)