Term
| Movement of all types of molecules between cells is sometimes referred to as: |
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Definition
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Term
| Necessary for movement of drugs across biological membranes via passive diffusion is: |
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Definition
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Term
| Adhesion molecules that hold two adjacent cells together are: |
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Definition
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Term
| Filaments that provide for cell shape, strength, and structural integrity are: |
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Definition
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Term
| Molecules that align to form a continuous pore between two adjacent cells are: |
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Definition
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Term
| The mechanism by which a molecule can cross a plasma membrane against its concentration gradient is: |
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Definition
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Term
| Keratin filaments are attached tightly to the internal side of plasma membrane by what molecules? |
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Definition
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Term
| Molecules which can transport vesicles toward the microtuble minus end (cell center)...what am I? |
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Definition
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Term
| Dimers of these molecules are assembled to make up microtubles...what am I? |
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Definition
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Term
| Molecules which can transport vesicles toward the microtuble plus end (cell periphery)...what am I? |
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Definition
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Term
| Crosslinks microtubules and intermediate filaments...what am I? |
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Definition
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Term
| protein that stabilizes neuronal microtubules...what am I? |
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Definition
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Term
| microtubule organizing center in animal cells...what am I? |
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Definition
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Term
| Disadvantage of topical application of drugs include: |
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Definition
| increase likelihood of allergy development |
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Term
| A slow release formulation of a drug will have the greatest effect on which pharmacological parameter? |
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Definition
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Term
| Adhesion molecules that hold a cell to the extracellular matrix are: |
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Definition
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Term
| The time from drug administration to drug effect is called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is NOT a parenteral form of adminstration? |
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Definition
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Term
| The area of the body with the highest concentrationof hair follicles per sq.cm. is? |
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Definition
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Term
| The Na+ K+ A Tpas pump is an example of? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following did Langley NOT observe while studying frog muscle: |
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Definition
| added curare makes skeletal muscle contract |
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Term
| Which property of a ligand determines whether the ligand is an agonist or an antagonist? |
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Definition
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Term
| Calcium and sodium are both ions found at high concentration outside a resting cell. Calcium is considered a second messenger but sodium is not because: |
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Definition
| calcium produces its effect by activating intracellular proteins |
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Term
| The signal produced by an agonist-activated receptor is stopped: |
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Definition
-by removal of ligand from the area near the receptor
-by removal of the receptor from the area near the ligand
-by an automatic inactivation of the receptor after a certain amount of time |
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Term
| After studying the effects of curare on frog leg muscle, Langley knew that: |
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Definition
| curare prevents the actions of nicotine on leg muscle concentration |
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Term
| If you change a ligand by adding a functional group, you will probably: |
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Definition
| change its affinity for the receptor |
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Term
| IP3 and cGMP are both second messengers and have several characteristics in common. One difference between these two is that: |
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Definition
| IP3 is a ligand for an intracellular calcium channel |
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Term
| Some antagonists are called non-competitive because: |
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Definition
| they bind a different site on the receptor than do agonists |
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Term
| Which general receptor type responds to ligand binding ONLY by changing interactions with other proteins? |
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Definition
| G protein-coupled receptors |
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Term
| An important idea that came from Ehrlich's work with chemical dyes is: |
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Definition
| small changes to a chemical have large effects on its interactions with a cell |
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Term
| An important idea that came from Langley's work with frog legs is: |
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Definition
| more than one molecule can bind to the same receptor |
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Term
| Which general receptor type can be modified to stay active without a bound agonist? |
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Definition
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Term
| A key concept of pharmacodynamies is that cells: |
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Definition
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Term
| An example of an intracellular receptor is: |
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Definition
-cAMP-dependent protein kinase
-Calmodulin
-The IP3 receptor |
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Term
| A molecule having a receptor is referred to as: |
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Definition
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Term
| Of the four types of receptor classes covered in class, ion channels are unique because they: |
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Definition
| are made up of a group of protein subunits |
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Term
| A pharmacological receptor is important because: |
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Definition
-it provides a way for a ligand to interact with a cell
-it provides a way for a ligand to produce an effect on a cell
-it provides a target for us to aim at with therapeutic agents |
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Term
| cAMP is the second messenger involved in the actions of epinephrine on liver. Which of the following indicates the proper order of protein activation through which epinephrine causes cAMP levels to rise inside the cell? (start at epinephrine and end with increased cAMP) |
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Definition
| receptor, G-protein, adenylate cyclase |
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Term
| IP3 is a second messenger that is unique among the second messengers covered in class because: |
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Definition
| it is produced at the same time as another second messenger |
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Term
| Calcium is a second messenger that is different from all the other second messengers we covered because: |
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Definition
| its levels in the cytoplasm are controlled by pumps |
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Term
| Some agonists cause a complete activation of their receptors while others only partially activate their receptors. The agonists that completely activate their receptors are: |
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Definition
| very effective as a full agonist at moving the receptor to the active state |
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Term
| Important similarity between competitive and non-competitive antagonists is: |
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Definition
| neither has pharmacological efficacy |
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Term
| Nicotine binds to the same receptor (a sodium channel) as acetylcholine and curare. Acetylcholine opens up the ion channel while curare does not. Nicotine is called an agonist for this receptor because it acts like: |
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Definition
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Term
| As a general rule, we could say that a ligand that binds loosely to its receptor is: |
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Definition
-NONE OF THE ABOVE!!!
(-a full agonist, a partial agonist, an antagonist) |
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Term
| Some agonists are called full agonists while others are called partial agonists. The difference between the two ligands is: |
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Definition
| full agonists have more pharmacological efficacy |
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Term
| Muscarine binds to the same receptor as acetylcholine and atropine. Acetylcholine binding the receptor leads to the synthesis of DAD and IP3 while atropine does not. Muscarine will be called an agonist for this receptor if it acts like: |
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Definition
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Term
| In order to produce an effect, a ligand must bind to its receptor. The concentration of ligand determines: |
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Definition
| the percentage of receptors bound |
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Term
| After studying the binding of dyes to cells, Paul Erhlich designed anti-syphilis drugs that consisted of arsenic joined to a chemical dye. The function of the arsenic was to kill the microbe causing syphilis and the function of the chemical dye was: |
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Definition
| to allow the toxin to act only on the microbe and no on human |
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Term
| Cyclic AMP is similary to cyclic GMP in many ways, and also different in many ways. Which of the following is a true statement comparing cycle AMP and cyclic GMP? |
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Definition
| they are both hydrolyzed to end their action as second messengers |
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Term
| A ligand must bind its receptor in order to produce an effect. The quantity of ligand bound to its receptor depends on: |
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Definition
-the concentration of ligand
-the number of receptors present
-the affinity of the two molecules for one another |
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Term
| Ligands which act through the cytoplasmic transcription factors are different from ligands acting through other receptor types because they: |
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Definition
| bind their receptor intracellularly rather than extracellularly |
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Term
| Most bonds involved in interactions between receptors and ligands are weak and act over only short distances. The MOST IMPORTANT consequence of this is: |
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Definition
| it allows the receptor to distinguish between ligands of very similar chemical structure |
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Term
| Which of the following is a primary advantage of sublingual administration? |
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Definition
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Term
| The intermediate filaments that provide for support of the nuclear membrane are: |
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Definition
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Term
| The type of capillaries that are associated with the blood-brain barrier are: |
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Definition
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Term
| Adhesion molecules that are important components of the tight junctions are: |
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Definition
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Term
| Of the four types of receptor classes covered in class, ion channels are unique because they: |
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Definition
| are made up of a group of protein subunits |
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Term
| Pharmacological efficacy describes: |
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Definition
| the ability of a ligand to produce an effect on a receptor |
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Term
| Calcium is different from the other second messengers covered in class because: |
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Definition
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Term
| Second messengers are one important signal transduction mechanism. General features of second messengers include: |
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Definition
-synthesis or release based on an agonist binding a receptor
-effects mediated by the second messenger binding to intracellular proteins and affecting their activity
-a mechanism for the destruction or removal of the second messenger |
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Term
| An important thing to remember about ligand-receptor interactions is: |
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Definition
-there is an equilibrium between bound and unbound ligand
-the amount of ligand bound to receptor is strongly affected by ligand concentration
-the amount of ligand bound is strongly affected by the affinity, or how tightly the ligand binds the receptor |
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Term
| An agonist is defined as a ligand that: |
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Definition
| causes the receptor to change upon binding |
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Term
| Which of the following is used as a signal in one of the signal transduction pathways covered in class? |
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Definition
-increased ion flow across a cell membrane
-activation of an enzyme located in the plasma membrane
-alteration in the rate of transcription in the nucleus |
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Term
| Different ligands will bind with different "tightness" or affinity to their receptors. A measure of how well a ligand binds to its receptor is Kd, which is: |
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Definition
| the ligand concentrationat which half of the receptors present are bound by ligand |
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Term
| An antagonist is defined as a lignad that: |
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Definition
| does not cause the receptor to change upon binding |
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Term
| Diacylglycerol (DAG) is different from the other second messengers covered in class because: |
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Definition
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Term
| A key concept of pharmacodynamics is that: |
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Definition
| cells can use receptors to respond to drugs |
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Term
| Which of the following describes the way that calcium's actions in a cell are terminated? |
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Definition
| pumps push calcium up a gradient and out of the cytoplasm |
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Term
| Which statement about curare and frog legs is true? |
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Definition
| curare blocks the ability of a nerve to stimulate a muscle to contract |
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Term
| Which of the following is a characteristic shared by all second messengers? |
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Definition
-tightly controlled synthesis or release into cytoplasm
-tightly controlled degradation or removal from cytoplasm
-presence of intracellular receptors which are activated by binding |
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Term
| Which of the four general classes of receptor proteins will produce the most rapid signal in response to ligand binding? |
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Definition
| cytoplasmic transcription factors |
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Term
| Which property of a ligand determines whether the ligand is an agonist or an antagonist? |
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Definition
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Term
| Signal transduction is a concept that describes: |
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Definition
| passing information across a cell membrane |
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Term
| Receptor interactions with ligands have a characteristic called saturability. This property means that: |
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Definition
-there is a limited maximal effect a ligand can have
-there is a limited maximal number of receptors for ligand binding
-there is a dose of ligand above which no additional effect can be produced
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Term
| Antagonist can be described as reversible or irreversible, cimpetitive or non-competitive. In general we can say: |
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Definition
-a competitive antagonist is a better therapeutic agent than a non-competitve antagonist
-an irreversible antagonist is not as good a therapeutic agent as a reversible antagonist
-irreversible antagonists and competitive antagonists produce similar effects |
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Term
| cAMP is the same as the other second messengers covered in class because: |
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Definition
| its levels in the cytoplasm rise and fall over time |
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Term
| Ligands are molecules that speficially bind to a receptor. In this sentence "bind" is defined as: |
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Definition
| a temporary interaction caused by formation of non-covalent bonds |
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Term
| Some antagonists are classified as non-competitive because: |
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Definition
| the bind a different site on the receptor than do agonists |
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Term
| Cytoplasmic transcription factors are different from the other general receptor proteins covered in class because: |
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Definition
| they move around within the cell depending on whether they have ligand bound |
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Term
| If you take a ligand and make a change in its chemical structure, you will most likely: |
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Definition
| alter the ligand's ability to bind to the receptor |
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Term
| An antagonist does not alter a receptor's activity upon binding, yet can produce an effect in a patient. This apparent contradiction is due to: |
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Definition
| the ability of an antagonist to block an agonist's action |
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Term
| When considering the second messenger calcium and the proteins involved in its signaling pathway, we would call the calcium pump in the plasma membrane an example of: |
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Definition
| a means of lowering the second messenger from the cytoplasm |
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Term
| Tyrosine kinase receptors are unique among the four receptor classes because: |
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Definition
| they have a catalytic enzyme activity |
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Term
| Which of the following is likely to be an observation made by Paul Ehrlich when he studied the anti-malarial effect of chemical dyes? |
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Definition
| small changes in chemical structure could change a dyes effect in combating malaria |
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