Term
| How do we define substance abuse? |
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Definition
| Self-administration of a drug in a manner that does not conform to the norms within the patient’s own culture and society |
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Term
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Definition
Overwhelming Compulsion
Repetitive drug-taking behavior
Serious health and social consequences |
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Term
| What are some contributing factors that lead to addiction? |
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Definition
Agent or drug factors: Cost, availability, dose, mode of administration
User-related factors: genetic, personality, past experience, disorders
Environmental factors: social norms, peers, educational opportunities
Impossible to accurately predict if person will become substance abuser |
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Term
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Definition
Addition can begin with a legitimate need for pharmacotherapy
Prescribed at lowest effective dose
Prescribed for shortest time necessary
Prescription drugs rarely cause addiction when used as prescribed |
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Term
| How do nurses describe substance dependence ? |
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Definition
Overwhelming desire to take a drug
Cannot stop taking drug
Two categories
Physical dependence and
Psychological dependence |
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Term
| What do we mean by the term physical dependence? |
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Definition
Altered physical condition caused when nervous system adapts to repeated substance use
Uncomfortable symptoms result when the agent is discontinued – known as withdrawal |
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Term
| Examples of substances that may cause physical dependence |
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Definition
Opioids
Alcohol
Sedatives
Nicotine
CNS stimulants |
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Term
| What is psychological dependence? |
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Definition
No obvious physical discomfort when substance discontinued
Overwhelming desire to continue substance use
Associated with home environment or social contacts
Craving continues for months or years
Craving responsible for relapse |
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Term
| Examples of Psychological Dependence substances |
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Definition
Marijuana
Anti-anxiety drugs
amitriptyline (Elavil)
doxepin (Sinequan or Adapin)
imipramine (Tofranil) |
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Term
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Definition
Prescription drugs may be used to reduce severity
May be particularly severe for those who are dependent on alcohol or sedatives
Abusers often associate use of substance with their conditions and surroundings
Counselors encourage distance from past social contacts |
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Term
| Can you name examples of Opioids?? |
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Definition
Examples of Opioids (schedule II drugs ) Codeine – many names
Demerol - Meperidine (meperidine hydrochloride)
Fentanyl – Duragesic
Oxycodone Hydrocholoride -oxycontin, many others)
Roxicet -Acetaminophen/Oxycodone hydrochloride
Tramadol - Ultram |
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Term
| Opioid Withdrawal Symptoms? |
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Definition
Excessive sweating, restlessness, and dilated pupils
Agitation, goose bumps, tremor, and violent yawning
Increased heart rate and blood pressure
Nausea/vomiting and abdominal cramps and pain
Muscle spasms and weight loss |
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Term
| Barbiturates and Similar Sedative-Hypnotics Withdrawal Symptoms? |
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Definition
Insomnia, anxiety, weakness, and abdominal cramps
Tremor, anorexia, and seizures
Skin-hypersensitivity reactions
Hallucinations and delirium |
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Term
| Benzodiazepine Withdrawal Symptoms? |
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Definition
Insomnia, restlessness, abdominal pain, and nausea
Sensitivity to light and sound
Headache, fatigue, and muscle twitches |
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Term
| Alcohol Withdrawal Symptoms |
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Definition
Tremors, fatigue, and anxiety
Abdominal cramping and hallucinations
Confusion, seizures, and delirium |
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Term
| Cocaine and Amphetamine Withdrawal Symptoms? |
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Definition
Mental depression and anxiety
Extreme fatigue and hunger |
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Term
| Nicotine Withdrawal Symptoms |
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Definition
Irritability, anxiety, and restlessness
Headache, increased appetite, and insomnia
Inability to concentrate
Decrease in heart rate and blood pressure |
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Term
| Marijuana Withdrawal Symptoms |
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Definition
Irritability and restlessness
Insomnia and tremors
Chills and weight loss |
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Term
| Hallucinogen Withdrawal Symptoms |
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Definition
Rarely Observed
Dependent upon specific drug |
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Term
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Definition
Biological Condition Body adapts to repeated administration of a drug
Requires higher doses of drug to produce initial effect
Common in substances that affect nervous system
Does not indicate addiction or substance abuse |
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Term
| CNS Depressants how do they make that patient feel and list some examples. |
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Definition
Cause patients to feel sedated or relaxed
Barbiturates
pentobarbital sodium (Nembutal)
secobarbitol (Seconal)
Nonbarbiturate sedative–hypnotics
buspirone (Buspar)
zolpidem (Ambien)
Benzodiazepines
alpazolam (Xanax)
clonazepam (Klonopin)
Alcohol
Opioids |
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Term
| Sedatives Prescribed for Sleep Disorders and Some Forms of Epilepsy |
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Definition
Physical dependence, psychological dependence, and tolerance to high doses over extended period of time
Many have long duration of action
Moderate-to-high psychological dependence
Moderate-to-extreme physical signs of withdrawal |
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Term
| List Two Main Sedative Types |
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Definition
Barbituates
Nonbarbiturate sedative–hypnotics
Actions, indications, safety profiles, and addictive potential are roughly equivalent |
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Term
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Definition
Overdoses extremely dangerous
Commonly combined with other drugs of abuse, such as CNS stimulants or alcohol |
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Term
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Definition
Another group of CNS depressants that have a potential for abuse
Widely prescribed, but abuse not uncommon
Longer half-life; dangerous because drug may stay active for several weeks |
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Term
| Opioids Prescribed for Severe Pain also known as.. |
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Definition
narcotic analgesics
Range of CNS effects
Addiction can occur rapidly
Intense withdrawal symptoms
Not life threatening, as with barbiturate withdrawal
High psychological dependence |
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Term
| What is the most commonly abused CNS depressant and why? |
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Definition
Ethyl Alcohol Is CNS Depressant
One of most commonly abused, easily accessible
Effects directly proportional to amount consumed
Psychological and physical dependence can occur
Withdrawal can be severe to life-threatening |
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Term
| Adverse Effects of Chronic Alcohol Consumption? |
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Definition
Large number of adverse health effects
Liver failure - cirrhosis
Delirium tremens (DT) may occur with very long-term consumption
hallucinations, confusion, disorientation
Withdrawal can be combated with antiseizure medications
Disulfiram can discourage relapses |
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Term
| Cannibinoids has what effects on the body? |
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Definition
Slows motor activity and decreases coordination
Causes disconnected thoughts, paranoia, euphoria
Causes thirst and craving for chocolate or other candy
Causes red or bloodshot eyes
Produces little physical dependence or tolerance |
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Term
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Definition
Are Schedule I Drugs No medical use
Prototype substance for this class, sometimes called psychedelics, is LSD
Effects highly variable
Derived from a fungus that grows on rye and other grains
Nearly always taken orally
Flashbacks and tolerance may occur
Little or no physical dependence
Distributed throughout the body immediately |
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Term
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Definition
Mescaline
MDMA
DOM
MDA
Phenylcyclohexylpiperidine (PCP)
Ketamine (date rape drug) |
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Term
| CNS Stimulants Increase Central Nervous System Activity tx? |
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Definition
Treatment of narcolepsy, obesity, ADHD
Sense of exhilaration and reduced appetite
Improved mental and physical performance
Wakefulness and sense of “getting high”
High psychological dependence
Less-severe physical signs |
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Term
| Amphetamines and Methylphenidate |
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Definition
Activate neurons in a part of the brain called the reticular formation
Affect cardiovascular and respiratory activity
No longer widely prescribed for medical use – very limited use now
Dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine) may be prescribed for short-term weight loss
Methamphetamine often used as a recreational drug
Methylphenidate (Ritalin) widely prescribed for children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Schedule II drug with many of same effects as cocaine and amphetamines |
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Term
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Definition
From leaves of coca plant, documented use for thousands of years
Schedule II drug that produces actions similar to those of the amphetamines
Many routes of administration
Overdose can cause dysrhythmias, convulsions, stroke, or death |
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Term
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Definition
Natural substance
Sometimes added to OTC pain relievers
pronounced diuretic effect
CNS stimulant – produces mental alertness, restlessness, nervousness, irritability, and insomnia
We’ve come a long way!! |
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Term
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Definition
Highly Carcinogenic Affects nervous, cardiovascular, and endocrine systems
Stimulates the CNS directly
Psychological and physical dependence occurs quickly
Patients tend to continue their drug use for many years
Hospitalized patients need alternate order
Nicotine patch, pill or gum |
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Term
| Nurse Serves Key Role in Substance Abuse doing what? |
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Definition
Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment
Thorough medical history must include substance abuse if present
Be firm in disapproving of substance abuse, yet compassionate in trying to help the patient receive treatment
Attempt to involve family members when possible |
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Term
| With IV-Drug Users Nurse Must Consider |
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Definition
HIV infection
Hepatitis
Tuberculosis |
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