Term
| characteristics of fungal pathogens |
|
Definition
| mild to devere; localized to systemic; opportunistic like candid albicans (normal flora of skin; mouth, intestines, and vagina) |
|
|
Term
| causes of overgrowth (candid albicans) |
|
Definition
| antibiotics, chemo, corticosteroids, immunosuppressants |
|
|
Term
| This antifungal drug is not absorbed in the GI tract; must be given IV; and must be mixed with D5W NOT saline and is reserved for severe infections |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Mechanism of action for amphotericin B |
|
Definition
| disrupts the cell membrane resulting in loss of cellular contents |
|
|
Term
| clinical indications for amphotericin B |
|
Definition
| tx of severe systemic fungal and protozoal infections |
|
|
Term
| adverse effects of amphotericin B |
|
Definition
| chills, fever, HA, muscle/joint pain; thromboplhelibitis, nephrotoxicity; electrolyte imbalance (hypokalemia, hypomagnesia) |
|
|
Term
| when are adverse effects of amphotericin B experienced |
|
Definition
| within 1-3 hours of administration |
|
|
Term
| drug interactions with amphotericin B |
|
Definition
| aminoglycosides, cyclosporins, acyclovir ( increase risk for renal toxicity); dig, potassium-deplting diuretics ( can worn hypokalemia) |
|
|
Term
| nursing management of amphotericin B |
|
Definition
| monitor urinary output, BUN, creatinine, potassium, and magnesium; pre-medicate per MD orders (tylenol, benadryl, corticorsteroid); keep pt hydrated (decrease renal damage); bleeding precautions; rate of infusion should be within recommended range (severe cardiac sympoms, anaphylaxis, seizures if given rapidly) |
|
|
Term
| which antifungal is used to treat candidiasis; thrush, stomatitis; vulvovaginal candidiasis or between the skin folds; and treatment of GI infections |
|
Definition
| Nystatin ( Mycostatin, clotrimazole troches) |
|
|
Term
| adverse effects of nystatin |
|
Definition
| GI distress; bitter taste |
|
|
Term
| nursing management of nystatin |
|
Definition
| lozenge should be dissolved slowly; delay eating and drinking after swish and swallow; avoid occlusive dressings over creams and ointments |
|
|
Term
| which antifungal is used for oral, esophageal, and vaginal candidiasis that is not responsive to nystatin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| other clinical indications for diflucan |
|
Definition
| cryptococcal meningitis; systemic candida infections; urinary tract infections; prophylaxis for bone marrow recipients |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| crosses the blood brain barrier; widely distributed throughout the body; good penetration of CSF |
|
|
Term
| adverse effects of diflucan |
|
Definition
| GI distress; HA; dizziness; stephen johnson's syndrome including alopecia |
|
|
Term
| drug interactions of diflucan |
|
Definition
| oral contraceptives ( decreases effectiveness) |
|
|
Term
| clinical indications of metronidizole (flagyl); and anti protoazoan agent |
|
Definition
| treats amebiasis of GI tract (H.Pylori); prophylaxis for colorectal surgeries; trichomoniasis, giardiasis, amebiasis; anaerobic infections (including C-Diff) |
|
|
Term
| adverse effects of flagyl |
|
Definition
| GI distress (anorexia); CNS toxicity ( ataxia, seizures); metallic taste |
|
|
Term
| drug interactions of flagyl |
|
Definition
| avoid alcoholic beverages ( can have antibuse reaction) |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of antiviral agents |
|
Definition
| viruses are more difficult to eradicate than most types of organisms; viruses enter healthy cells and use the cells' DNA to replicate and generate more viruses |
|
|
Term
| clinical indications for antiviral agents |
|
Definition
| influenza; herpes; cytomegally virus; HOV; epstein-Barr virus |
|
|
Term
| clinical indications for acyclovir |
|
Definition
| herpes (prophylaxis and treatment); cytomegally virus; epstein-Barr virus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| widely distributed throughout the body including CSF and herpetic vesicular fluid |
|
|
Term
| adverse effects of acyclovir |
|
Definition
| phlebitis; mild GI distress; seizures |
|
|
Term
| nursing management of acyclovir |
|
Definition
| encourage fluids; does not cure or prevent disease transmission ( just treat symptoms) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decreases the release of virus from infected cells; decreases spread of infection; decreases severity and duration of symptoms |
|
|
Term
| clinical indications of tamiflu |
|
Definition
| treatment of onfluenza A and B (in children >1 yr old); prophylaxis for influenza in high risk adults and adolescents |
|
|
Term
| patient teaching for tamiflu |
|
Definition
| should be initiated within 2 days of symptoms; does not reduce the transmission of influenza to others |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of antiretroviral agents |
|
Definition
| used in the treatment of HIV; preventions and treatment of opportunistic infections secondary to AIDS |
|
|
Term
| list the 4 categories of antiretroviral agents |
|
Definition
| nucleoside reverse transcripase inhibitors; nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors; protease inhibitors; fusion inhibitors |
|
|
Term
| what is the first available drug used in the treatment of HIV |
|
Definition
| zidovudine (AZT, Retrovir) |
|
|
Term
| name drugs under necleoside reverse transcripase inhibitors |
|
Definition
| zidovudine (AZT, Retrovir); lamivudine (3TC, Epivir-HBV) |
|
|
Term
| what is the action of AZT |
|
Definition
| prevents viral DNA from replicating |
|
|
Term
| clinical indications of AZT |
|
Definition
| treatment of HIV; prevention of HIV after needle stick when combined with lamivudine ( add protease inhibitor for high risk exposure) |
|
|
Term
| serious side effects of AZT |
|
Definition
| bone marrow suppression; hepatotoxicity; lactic acidosis |
|
|
Term
| other adverse effects of AZT |
|
Definition
| n/v; abdominal pain; HA; fever; rash |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| NRTIs alone or combined with other antiretrovirals; proonged NRTI exposure and obesity ( increased risk for fatal lactic acidosis and severe hepatotoxicity) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| monitor renal and hepatic function, CBC, and platelet count |
|
|
Term
| clinical indications for epivir |
|
Definition
| treatment of HIV; treatment of chronic hepatitis B |
|
|
Term
| describe the action of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors |
|
Definition
| act by binding directly to or very near the active site of the enzyme and preventing HIV replication |
|
|
Term
| name of the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors |
|
Definition
| effavirenz (EFV, Sustiva) |
|
|
Term
| serious adverse effects of EFV |
|
Definition
| steven johnson syndrome; hepatotoxicity; psychiatric disorders |
|
|
Term
| other adverse effects of EFV |
|
Definition
| CNS effects (dizziness, impaired concentration, insomnia, and hallucinations); rash |
|
|
Term
| nursing management for EFV |
|
Definition
| administer at bedtime ( minimize CNS effects); monitor liver enzymes and lipid profile |
|
|
Term
| which drugs are protease inhibitors |
|
Definition
| saquinavir (Fortovase, Invirase) |
|
|
Term
| what is the action of protease inhibitors |
|
Definition
| active in both acute and chronically ill cells; associated with altered body fat distribution and other metabolic effects (predisposes pt to type 2 DM) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| absorption of oral form is improved with high fat meal; used in treatment of advanced HIV |
|
|
Term
| adverse effects of fortovase |
|
Definition
| metabolic changes (type 2 DM); GI distress; abnormal deposits of fatty tissue; cardiovascular events; pancreatitis |
|
|
Term
| fortovase nursing management |
|
Definition
| administer with a meal or within 2 hours after a high calorie meal |
|
|
Term
| what drug is used in the treatment of hepatitis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| clinical indications of adefovir |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| adverse effects of adefovir |
|
Definition
| GI complaints; nephrotoxicity; lactic acidosis |
|
|
Term
| what are the anti-tuberculosis drugs |
|
Definition
| isoniazid; rifampin; pyrazinamide; ethambutol |
|
|
Term
| what is tuberculosis caused by |
|
Definition
| acid fast bacillus myobacterium |
|
|
Term
| what does tuberculosis affect |
|
Definition
| lungs, but may also effect bones, joints, skin, meninges, genitourinary tract |
|
|
Term
| anti tuberculosis drug therapy key points |
|
Definition
| consist of several drugs administered concurrently; duration of therapy is 6-9 months |
|
|
Term
| when does a pt show improvement on anti-tubercuposis drug therapy |
|
Definition
| in about 2 weeks; negative sputum in about 3-6 months |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disrupts the cell wall and prevent replication |
|
|
Term
| adverse effects of isoniazid |
|
Definition
| peripheral neuropathy; hepatic injury; optic neuritis |
|
|
Term
| drug interactions for isoniazid |
|
Definition
| alcohol; rifampin; pyrazinamide |
|
|
Term
| isoniazid patient teaching |
|
Definition
| take exactly as prescribed; take on empty stomach to reduce GI distress |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| clinical indications of rifampin |
|
Definition
| treatment of TB; treatment of other mycobacterial infections |
|
|
Term
| adverse effects of rifampin |
|
Definition
| flu-like syndrome; GI symptoms; red/orange color of body fluids; hepatotoxicty; will turn contacts a pink/red color |
|
|
Term
| drug interactions of rifampin |
|
Definition
| in most cases, rifampin increases the metabolism of other drugs |
|
|
Term
| what is the action of pyrazinamide |
|
Definition
| bacteriostatic or bactericidal dependent upon: concentration of dose at the site of action; susceptibility of mycobacteria |
|
|
Term
| adverse effects of pyrazinamide |
|
Definition
| arthralgia r/t hyperuricemia |
|
|
Term
| clinical indications of ethambutol |
|
Definition
| INH and rifampin-resistant bacilli |
|
|
Term
| adverse effects of ethambutol |
|
Definition
| optic neuritis; hyperuricemia |
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