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| grain = unit of weight ~ 65mg |
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| Lactated Ringers Solution |
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| minimum inhibitory concentration |
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| Physician's Desk Reference |
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| hydrogen ion concentration |
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| tablespoon / tablet / temp |
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| Veterinary Pharmaceuticals and Biologicals |
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| registered trade name when superscript by drug name |
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| What are preliminary study tests done on for drug development? |
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| Computer models or simple organisims such as bacteria. |
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# 2 Safety/ effectivness evaluation
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| At what point of drug development are preclinical studies done? |
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What are the series of tests for safety and efficancy during drug development done on?
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| Ability or tendency to produce cancer |
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| Capacity to cause birth defects. |
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| This begins in the drug development after the FDA has approved application. This will occur on the target species for safety and efficiency on a particular species. |
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| During drug development, this determines the dose at which the drug induces tissue or organ damage which can result in permanent injury/death |
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| Dose of a test drug that causes a defined effect in 50% of the animals that take it. |
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| Dose of a test drug that kills 50% of the animals that take it. |
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| Dose that provides the desired effects with minimal or no signs of toxicity. |
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LD-50/ ED-50
"margin of safety" |
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| New Animal Drug Application |
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| Third step of drug development: |
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| Postmarketing Surveillance stage |
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| Fourth stage of drug development. |
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| During the fourth stage of drug development where is the drug listed? |
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| A list of animal drug products published and updated monthly by the drug: |
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| When a drug is purchased directly from the company that manufactures it. |
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| Distributors/ wholesalers |
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| Agencies that purchase the drug from the manufacturer and resell it to veterinarians. |
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| Selling drugs that are no longer under patent protection |
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| Ability to produce similair blood levels after administration as the original patented drug. |
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| Drug concentration in the body that produces the desired affect in the animal with minimnal or no sign of toxicity. |
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1-Route of Administration
2-Drug Dose
3-Dosage Interval |
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| Three major drug factors involved in staying with in a drugs therapeutic range. |
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| Drugs that are given through the GI tract (orally) PO |
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Drugs that are given by a route other than through the GI tract.
Paraentero
"excluding the instestines" |
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| Supplied in sterile vials. Some in powder form that must be reconstituted. Should be dated and refrigerated if necessary Some vials are single dose and some are ultiple dose. May need to be used in a certain amount of time. Some are light sensitive. |
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| Route allowing for fastest onset of action. |
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| A concentrated mass injected all at one time IV to acheive high concentration of drug immediately. |
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| Diluted drug administered over a 30-60 minute period through an IV catheter. |
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| Drug added to large volume of fluid administered continuously over a long period of time. |
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Aqueous solution
Aqueous suspension
Oily suspension
Injectable pellets |
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| Different forms of injectables for IM injection. |
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| Repository or Depot Preparation |
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| When a drug is placed in a substance that prolongs absorption. |
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| Given in the connective tissue beneath the dermis. Slowest route of injection. However still faster then oral administration. |
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| Rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream through diffusion from the alveoli to the capillaries. |
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Applied to surface of the skin or mucous membranes.
Must first disolve and then penetrate the skin by diffusion. |
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| Medication is delivered directly to the GI tract. Does not have to be sterile. Liquid, pill, or capsule. |
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| The amount of drug given at one time to achieve the desired effect. |
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| Initial dose given to get the concentration up to therapeutic range. |
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| Dose given to maintain therapeutic range. |
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| Total amount of drug given in a 24 hour period. |
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| The amount of drug per animals body weight. |
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| Frequency in which the drug is given to maintain therapeutic range. SID, BID, TID, QID, EOD. |
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Dosage interval AND dosage together.
ex: 10mg/kg BID |
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Right Drug
Right Dose
Right Time
Right Route/Technique
Right Patient
Right Documentation |
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| The Six R's in drug administration safety. |
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| How many times should you check a label before administering a drug? |
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| The movement of drug molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentraion until both sides have the same concentration. Does NOT require energy. Drug used must disolve in the cell membrane for this to occur. |
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| Can disolve in the phospholipid structure of cell membrane and pass through easier than drugs that are hydrophilic. |
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| Usually disolve in water and injected IM so that it can diffuse through the fluid to reach the capillaries. |
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| Have a positive or negative charge. Usually hydrophilic in form. |
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| Have a neutral charge. Usually lipophilic in form. Can pass through cell membrane easily. |
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| Passive diffusion that requires a special carrier molecule which helps the drug cross the cell membrane. |
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| Requires a special carrier molecule AND energy because the drug molecules move against the concentration gradient. |
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| Engulfing fluids into the cell by surrounding the particles and forming a vesicle. |
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| Engulfing solids into the cell by surrounding the particle and forming a vesicle. Reserved for particles that are too large to pass through cell membrane. |
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| The movement of a drug from the site of administration into the fluids of the body that will carry it to the site(s) of action. Drug and patient factors will affect this. |
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| The degree in which the drug is absorbed and reaches the circulation. Higher in IV and IM drugs. |
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pH and Ionization
(alkaline) |
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Definition
Ionized drugs are absorbed more readily in areas of higher what?
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pH and Ionization
(acidic) |
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Definition
| Non-ionized drugs are absorbed in areas of lower what? |
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| Drug molecules can change from being ionized to non-ionized as they travel from one body compartment to another. |
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Age
Health
Metabolic rate
Genetic factors
Sex |
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| Five patient factors that can affect absorption. |
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| Physiological movement of drugs from the systemic circulation to the tissues. |
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Membrane permeability
Tissue perfusion
Protein binding
Volume of distribution |
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| Factors that affect drug distribution |
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| Blood brain barrier. (BBB) The capillaries do not have fenestrations. So only the most lipophilic drugs can enter the CNS |
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Definition
| Large molecules cannot pass through fenestrations in the capillaries. What is the exception to membrane permeability. |
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| Fat tissue has lower levels of drugs due to a lack of? Drugs stored in fat will delay onset of results. |
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| Some drug molecules bind to proteins in the blood that are too large to pass through the capillaries and become trapped in circulation. This is called? |
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| How well a drug is distributed thoughout the body based on the concentration of the drug in the blood. Assumes that the drug concentration in the blood is equal to the drug concentration dispersed throughout the rest of the body. |
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| The larger the volume of drug distribution, the _______the drug concentration in the blood after distribution. |
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The chemical alteration of drug molecules by the body cells of patients to a metabolite.
a.k.a. biotransformation. Occurs mainly in the liver. |
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| When some drugs change the absorption of other drugs. |
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| Competition for Plasma Proteins |
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Definition
| Two drugs that both bound to plasma proteins, with one drug having a higher affinity for binding, will leave excess of the other drug in circulation. Could lead to toxic levels. |
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Definition
| When some drugs affect the kidneys which causes a decrese in excretion of other drugs. Example is diuretics. |
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| When the same enzyme may be needed to metabolize two drugs that are being given at the same time. |
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Definition
| Decreased responce to a drug |
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Metabolic: drug is metabolized more rapidly with chronic use.
Cellular: decreased cellular receptors with repeated use. |
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| The two types of tolerance to a drug. |
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Definition
Removal of a drug from the body.
a.k.a. elimination
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Definition
| When drugs are eliminated through the glomerular filtration, tubular excretion, and tubular reabsorption, they are excrete through the? |
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Definition
| When drugs are eliminated via passive diffusion from the blood into the liver cells. They go through the? |
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Definition
| Perio after the aministration of a rug in which the animal can be sent to slaughter. Calculated based on rug half life. |
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Definition
| Time required for the amount of rug in the boy to be reduced by half of its orginal level. |
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Definition
| Some drugs form a chemicle bond with specific cell components on target cells calle? These are 3D proteins that may be located in the cell membrane, the cytoplasm or nucleus. |
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Definition
| Binds to cell receptors to cause an action |
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Definition
| Drug that inhibits or blocks the responce of a cell. |
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Definition
| Name of the drug based on its chemical make up. Provides scientific and technicle information. |
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Definition
| Official identifying name of a drug. Non-proprietary name. |
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Definition
| Name given by the drug company. Proprietary name, trade name. |
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Definition
| The preperation, mixing, assembling, packaging, and/ or labeling of a drug based on a prescription drug order from a veterinarian for a specific patient. |
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Term
United States Pharmacopeia (USP)
on a drug label means it meets the standards described in the compendium. |
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Definition
| Official compendium describes thye source, appearence, properties, standards of purity, and other requierments of the most important pure drugs. |
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Term
Drugs Name(generic and trade
Drug concentration & quanity
Name and adress of manufacturer
Manufacturer's control or lot #
Expiration date
Otherm if warranted
-Withdrawl times
-controlled substance status |
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Definition
| Drug packaging requirements. |
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Term
1) Veterinarian name, adress, phone #, and DEA # if necessary.
2) Client name and adress, patient name and species.
3) Drug name, strength, & quanity to be dispensed
4) Instructions for giving drug to patient.
Number of refills
Veterinary signature
Date of perscription |
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Definition
| Writteb perscription requierments on label. |
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Term
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Definition
| This drug is similar to phenobarbital structurally. given PO, and can induce liver enzymes that raise its own & other drug metabolism. |
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Term
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Definition
| C-IV controlled subatsnace used for status epilepticus (IV) and then followeed by PO therapy. Increases GABA |
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Term
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Definition
| C-IV controlled substance. Used orally for adjunct anticonvulsant therapy & behavior phobias. Side effects include sedation and ataxia. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used as adjunct anticonvulsant therapy. Takes several days to reach therapeutic state. Loading dose then maintenece dose required. Side effects include elctrolyte imbalences. |
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Definition
| Oral anticonvulsant that increases blood levels of GABA. Limited use in vet med due to side effects. Blood work is necessary on this drug. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rarely used in vet med due to side effects. Anticonvulsants effects only noted after accumulation of doses. |
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Definition
| Calms animals; used to reduce anxiety and aggression. |
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Term
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Definition
| Decreases irratability & excitment, may provide analgesic effects. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lesson anxiousness but does not make the animal drowsy. |
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Term
| Phenothiazine derivatives |
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Definition
| These drugs block dopamine & alpha-1 receptors found in smooth muscle of peripheral blood vessels. They cause sedation and relieve fear. They do not cause analgesia. Commonly used prior to minor procedures or as pre-anesthetic agents. |
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Term
| Phenothiazine derivatives |
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Definition
| These types of drugs can cause paraphimosis (penile prolapse in horses). |
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Term
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Definition
| These anti-anxiety drugs are C-IV controlled substances. They produce muscle relaxation and have some anti-convulsant activity. Sometimes used as appetite stimulants in cats. They do not provide analgesia. An example of this drug class is Diazepam. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reversal agaent for benzodiazepines |
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Term
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Definition
| This drug class binds to alpha-2 receptors on neurons to prevent release of norepinephrine. They produce calming effects, some analgesia, and muscle relaxation. They decrease ability to respond to stimuli. An example is: Xylazine. |
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Term
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Definition
| This drug can be combined with ketamine for short term procedures in horses and cats. It produces analgesia in horses but vomitting in cats. It can slow insulin secretion which causes transient hyperglycemia. |
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Term
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Definition
| What is the reversal agenet for Xylazine (Rompun)? |
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Term
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Definition
| This drug produces better analgesia in horses. Labaled for sedation in horses, but horses can still respond to stimuli. |
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Term
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Definition
| Labled for sedation and analgesia in dogs over 12 weeks old. Used for minor surgical procedures and restraint. It initialy causes BP to rise and HR to lower. The IV and IM doses are different! |
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Term
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Definition
| Reversal agent for Medetomadine (Domitor) |
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Term
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Definition
| Opioid or opioid like substances that require a prescription. They work on the CNS. Used for moderate-severe pain in smooth muscle, organs, & bones. |
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Term
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Definition
| Less potent then narcotics, not addictive, and work on the PNS receptor sites. |
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Term
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Definition
| Naturally obtained from the poppy plant. They produce analgesia and sedation, & relieve anxiety. They produce their action on opioid receptors located in nervous tissues. Cats and horses are very sensitive to them. |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in pain areas of the brain. Cause analgesia, euphoria, respiratory depression, & physical dependence. |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in cerebral cortex and spinal cord. Produce analgesia, sedation & miosis (constriction of pupils) |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in the brain, this opioid receptor controls whinning, hallucinations, and struggling effects. May cause mydriasis (dilation of pupils) |
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Term
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Definition
| What are the 3 opioid receptors? |
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Term
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Definition
| This drug can be used as an anti-diarrheal in calves. C-II controlled substance. |
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Term
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Definition
| C-II controlled substance that is a Mu agonist. Used for severe pain. Pre-anesthetic & anesthetic. |
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Term
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Definition
| C-II controlled substance that is a Mu agonist with a short duration of action. Used for acute pain. Extra-label use in animals. Pre-anesthetic. |
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Term
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Definition
A C-II controlled substance that is a semi-synthetic opioid that is 5x more potent then morphine. Mu agonist. it is used post op to produce sedation & offset moderate-severe pain. Duration of action is 4 hours.
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Term
| Butorphanol (Torbugesic) (Torbutrol) |
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Definition
| C-IV controlled substance, synthetic opioid with kappa and mu receptor activity. It is not a very strong analgesic. Short duration of action. Can be used as a analgesic, pre-anasthetic, & antitussive. |
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Term
| Hydrocodone (Tussigon) (Hycodan) |
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Definition
| C-III controlled substance, synthetic opioid, used as an antitussive. When combined with acetaminophen it makes Vicodin for use in humans. |
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Term
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Definition
| C-II controlled substance that is a sunthetic opioid 200x more potent than morphine. Used as an analgesic/ tranquilizer & chemical restraint. Available as a transdermal patch. |
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Term
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Definition
| C-III controlled substance that provides long term analgesia (8-10 hours) Used post-op. Side effects are rae but include respiratory depression. |
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Term
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Definition
| C-III controlled substance that is a synthetic opioid used as an antitussive in dogs. It can be combined with acetaminophen for pain relief in humans. |
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Term
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Definition
| C-V controlled substance that is a synthetic opioid. When combined with atropine it makes an antidiarrheal. |
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Term
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Definition
| Known as narcotic antagonists, they block the binding of opioids to their receptors. Used to treat respiratory and CNS depression caused by opioid use. Given IV for rapid onset of action. Examples include Naloxone & Naltrexone |
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Term
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Definition
| This drug is given IV or IM and has a high affinity for mu receptors. It reverses Meperidine, morphine, & oxymorphone. |
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Term
Neuroleptanalgesics
Ex: Xylazine--> butorphanol
Acepromazine--> morphine |
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Definition
| This class of drugs are a combination of an opioid & a tranquilizer or sedative. They cause CNS depression and analgesia. Opioid anatgainists can reverse their opioid effects. Veterinarians tend to make their own. |
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Term
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Definition
| This local anesthetic is for topical use and injection. |
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Term
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Definition
| This local anesthetic is for opthalmic use. |
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Term
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Definition
| This local anesthetic is used topicaly applied to skin and can also be opthlamic or otic solution. |
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Term
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Definition
| This local anesthetic has a longer onset and is used in epidurals and as oral nerve blocks. |
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Term
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Definition
| CNS depressants used as anti-convulsants, anesthetics, & euthenasia solutions. Can be long or short acting. Can cause cardiovascular & respiratiry depression. Highly irritating to perivascular tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| C-III controlled substance that is an ultra short acting thiobarbiturate. Lasts 5-30 minutes. Has to be reconstituted. Caution in sighthounds. |
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Term
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Definition
| C-III controlled substance that is an oxybarbiturate similar to ultra short acting thiobarbiturate. Used in sight hounds. |
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Term
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Definition
| This class of drugs cause muscle rigidity, amnesia, and mild analgesia. Used only for restraint, diagnostic procedures and minor surgeries. Can cause minor cardiac stimulation, respiratory depression and exaggerated reflexes. |
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Term
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Definition
| C-III controlled substance approved for use in primates and cats. Need to use an eye lubricant when in use. Usually used in combination with drugs like ace, xylazine, and/ or diazepam. |
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