Term
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Definition
| study of substances that interact with living systems by activating or inhibiting normal physiologic process |
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Term
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Definition
Class: 1A
Mechanism: Na channel blocker (some K)
Indications: Atrial Fib in horses
Side effects:
CV: tachycardia, hypotension, depressed contractility; risk of VT, sudden death
Colic, Diarrhea
Nasal mucosa edema
Depression, ataxia, seizure
Other: parasympatholytic- may increase HR and number of impulses thru AV node
blocks vagal tone |
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Term
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Definition
Class: 1A
Indications: acute Tx of VT in dogs (after lidocaine)
Rts: IV bolus, IM, oral
Side effects: Hypotension if bolus too fast; oral tablets cause GI side effects- vomiting, inappetance, diarrhea |
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Term
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Definition
Class: 1B
Indication: first choice for acute Tx of VT in dogs; can be used in cats and horses
Rt: IV bolus, or CRI; divide dose in half for horses and cats; IM
Key: use-dependence- works better when HR faster; decreased efficacy if hypokalemia (correct levels b/4 adm)
Side effects: nervousness, SEIZURES |
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Term
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Definition
Class: 1B
Indications: long term Tx of VT in dogs
Rt: oral
Side effects: GI (inappetence, vomiting) |
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Term
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Definition
Class: 2 non-selective
Indications: In increased catecholamine level or increased cariac sensitivity to catecholamines; with other arrythmics for VTs; to slow rate of SVT b/c slows conduction thru the AV node
Rt: oral or IV
Side effects: Bradycardia, myocardial depression, Bronchconstriction,
Elimination: liver |
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Term
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Definition
Class: 2 selective
Indications: in combo w/other antiarrythmics for VT; to slow rate of SVT
Rt: oral, IV bolus and CRI
Elimination: kidney
Selectivity is higher at lower doses |
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Term
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Definition
Class: 2 selective
Indications: Emergency Tx of SVT and Vt
Rt: IV bolus
Key: v. short acting, half life 9 minutes, effect dissipated in 20-30 minutes; good to evaluate side effects in unstable animals
Elimination: RBCs |
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Term
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Definition
Class: 3
Indications: Chronic Tx of VT in dogs
rt: oral
Side effects: lethargy, hypotension; VTs- proarrhymia due to long QT period- opening of Na channels prematurely
Key: also a beta blocker; reverse use-dependent- effect more when HR slower |
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Term
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Definition
Class: 3
Indications: acute and chronic Tx of SVT and VT in dogs (more in humans)
Rt: oral( 7 day loading period), IV
KEY: has antiarrhythmic properties of all 4 classes
Side Effects: MANY, SEVERE; hepatic toxicity, pulmonary fibrosis, ocular abnormalities, thyroid dysfunction, GI upset, Hypersensitivity with IV: facial edema, skin erythema |
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Term
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Definition
Class: 4
Indication: Tx of SVT in dogs and cats
Rt: oral, IV bolus and CRI
Side effects: Bradycardia, hypotension from decreased contractility and systemic vasodilation
KEY: targets myocytes and has little effect on vessels
amlodipine works on vessels, not heart- best for hypertension in cats |
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Term
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Definition
Class: None Na/K ATPase blocker
Indication: Tx of SVT in dogs
Rt: oral in dogs, rarely IV in horses
Side effects: GI; Ventricular arrhythmia
KEY: toxicity hard to predict; worsenes if hypokalemia |
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Term
| Drugs that slow AV node conduction |
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Definition
| digoxin, diltiazem, Atenolol |
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Term
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Definition
| freely filtered by glomerulus; site of action is PCT; shift water from the eC space to the plasma or increase renal excretion of water by increasing tubular osmotic pressure; glycerin and mannitol in SA, DMSO in LA; contraindicated with anuria, or renal disease, severe dehydration; increases excretion of all electrolytes |
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Term
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Definition
Class: osmotic
increases osmotic pressure of filtrate- prevents H2O absorbtion into tubules;
Uses: pulling extravascular fliud into vessels for excretion; for cerebral edema NOT CHF, increase renal excretion of toxins, reduce IO pressures
Rt: IV
KEY: may be nephroprotective- increase renal blood flow thru vasodilation and decreased blood viscosity
Side effects: electrolyte imbalance |
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Term
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Definition
Class: Osmotic
Increases osmotic pressure of plasma to draw fluid from EC space
Indications:to decrease IO pressure elevated by glaucoma
Rt: oral
Metabolized in liver
Side effect: vomiting |
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Term
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Definition
Class: Osmotic
Oxygen derived free radical scavenger
Indications: LA inflammation and edema, sometimes cerebral edema or elevated IC pressure
Rt: IV or oral, topical
Side effects: if higher thatn 10% solution in 5%dextrose, can cause IV hemolysis
good membrane penetration |
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Term
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Definition
caffeine, theobromine, thephyllin
bronchodialtors
mild/moderate diuretic
Increase renal blood flow and GFR
Side effects: CV and GI alterations |
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Term
| Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors |
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Definition
act at proximal tubule; location of action means not much use in systemic diuresis b/c other sites for h2o absorption; sulfonamide group required for activity;
imparied Na, K, and bicarb reasorption; alkanization of urine |
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Term
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Definition
Class: non-comp reversible carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
Indications: Tx of metabolic alkalosis and glaucoma (decreases prod of aqueous humor
Rt: oral
90% eliminated unchanged w/in 24hrs |
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Term
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Definition
Class: non-comp reversible carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
Indications: Tx of metabolic alkalosis and glaucoma (decreases prod of aqueous humor
Rt: oral
longer half life, fewer side effects than acetozolamide |
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Term
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Definition
Class: non-comp reversible carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
Indications: Tx of metabolic alkalosis and glaucoma (decreases prod of aqueous humor
Rt: oral
longer half life, fewer side effects than acetozolamide |
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Term
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Definition
Class: Non-comp reversible carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
Indications: glaucoma, alkalosis
Rt: oral |
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Term
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Definition
Class: carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
related to dichlorphenamide
topcial optical preparation |
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Term
| Loop diuretics (high ceiling) |
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Definition
most potent diuretics
short acting
inhibit Na/K/Cl symporter in thick ascending limb |
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Term
| furosemide location actions |
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Definition
Prox. Tubule: alter electrolyte transport
Loop: decrease electrolyte absorption
Distal: decrease reabsorption of Na and Cl and increase excretion of K
Increases GFR
Net: increased excretion of Na, Cl, h2o, K, Ca, Mg, ammonium, bicarb, H |
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Term
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Definition
Class: Loop
indications: generalized edema, pulmonary edema, CHF, DCM, ARF and uremia, ascites, hypercalcemia, hypertension, post-parturient udder edema, exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage in horse
Rt: oral, injectable
Excreted renally
Side effects:
Ototoxicity |
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Term
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Definition
Class: loop
similar to furosemide
Rt: oral, injectable
hepatic metabolism
renal excretion
Side effects: ototoxicity and GI disturbances |
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Term
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Definition
action in distal tubule
moderate potency
block transport of Na and Cl
net: increased excretion of Na, Cl, K, Mg, and phosphate
may decrease renal blood flow so do not use with azotemia |
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Term
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Definition
Class: thiazides
Indications: generalized edema, hypertension, CHF, post-parturient udder edema
Bio: 10-20%
structurally similar to sulfonamides, hypersensitivity is possible- examine withdrawal times in milk |
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Term
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Definition
Class: Thiazide
similar to chlorothiazide
higher bioavailability (60-75)
longer half life (5-15hrs)
excreted unchanged in urine |
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Term
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Definition
less potent diuretic, often used in combo with other diuretics
2 groups: 1)compete w/aldosterone for receptor in distal nephron 2) act thru mechanisms independent of aldosterone;
increase Na/h2o excretion and K retention |
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Term
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Definition
Class: K sparing group 1
Increased Na and H2o excretion, decreased K, ammonium, and phosphate excretion;
Indications: ascites, patients susceptible to hypokalemia
Rt: oral, has active metabolite canrenone
highly protein bound;
requires 3d of use for effect |
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Term
| Amiloride and triamterene |
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Definition
Class: k sparing group 2
action: block or close Na channels in DT and Cds;
Triamterene is a prodrug
Indications: in combo w.other diuretics for CHF, hypokalemia |
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Term
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Definition
Class: arteriodilator
Action: cause direct relaxation- decreases movement of Ca into smooth muscle cells
Indications: mitral valve regurg, other CV diseases
Short half life but long duration
Rt: oral
Side effects: hypotension, reflex increase in HR; GI disturbances |
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Term
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Definition
Class: venodilator
diverts blood into systemic venous pools via NO;
Rt: IV, PO, transdermal
IV: low dose= venodilation
high dose= mixed
PO: 10% bio
trans: wear gloves, clip area
Side effects: tolerance- use intermittently |
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Term
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Definition
Class: venodilator
Direct relaxation of sm. muscle, beta adrenergic receptor agonist
Indications: Tx of navicular disease and laminitis
Rt: PO
requires longterm Tx to see effect
Side effect: CNS stimulation |
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Term
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Definition
Class: Mixed vasodilator
Indication: systemic hypertension
Action: blocks alpha receptors and reduced symp tone, leading to decreased BP
Side effect: severe hypotension esp small dogs/cats |
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Term
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Definition
Mixed vasodilator
NO mediated activity
Indications: hypertensive emergencies, acute blindness- rapid action, improves CO w/o increasing workload
No associated tolerance
IV only
Side effects: hypotension, cyanide toxicity with use |
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Term
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Definition
Mixed vasodilator
PO only
Indications: adjunctive therapy for CHF in dogs
inotropic/ vasodilator properties- selective phosphodiesterase activity
do not use if increased CO is not desired |
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Term
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Definition
mixed vasodilators, reduce aldosterone
Indications: HF, DCM, feline HCM, hypertension
often given with diuretics
PO on empty stomach |
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Term
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Definition
ACE-I
improves all stages of HF
PO- good bio
metabolized in liver, excreted renal
Side effects: anorexia, vomiting |
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Term
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Definition
ACE-I
prodrug, metabolized in liver
treats HF in dogs and chronic renal disease induced hypertension in cats |
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Term
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Definition
ACE-I
prodrug- metabolized in liver
PO most common
Indications: Mild, moderate, severe CHF in dogs/cats
IV for cardiogenic shock
excreted in liver and kidneys |
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Term
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Definition
Ca channel blocker- dihydropyridine
PO bio is 90%
drug of choice for hypertension secondary to chronic renal disease in cats;
treats hypertension secondary to hyperthyroid thyrotoxic cardiomyopathy |
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