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real founder of Western medicine in Memphis, Egypt
wrote a medical treatise remarkable for being devoid of magical thinking that contained anatomical observations, ailments, and cures
-laxative
-colic with hyoscyamus plants
-cumin and coriander for flatulence |
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| Asclepius (Greek) / Aesculapius (Roman) |
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| God of Healing (“derived” from Imhotep) |
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"It is more important to know what sort of person has a disease than to know what sort of disease a person has.”
“As to diseases, make a habit of two things - to help, or at least, to do no harm.”
… another person notable for arguing that diseases were a product of the environment, diet, etc., rather than as punishment by the gods; he (re)separated religion from medicine |
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5-volume encyclopedia, De Materia Medica
-the premiere historical source of information about the herbs and mineral medicines used by the Greeks, Romans, and other cultures of antiquity |
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-a Greek practicing predominantly Greek medicine for the Romans
-Dissected animals to learn more about the functions of the organs
–Wrote more than 500 texts used to train physicians
–Unlike Hippocrates who believed diseases were a whole-body problem, he focused on correcting problems from specific organs |
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-“Father of Toxicology”
-"All things are poison and nothing is without poison, only the dose permits something not to be poisonous."
-Introduced use of “laudanum”
-…a man of legendary arrogance… |
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-"Father of Immunology”
-smallpox vaccine |
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-American “father of physiology”
-English, educated in Germany, recruited by Thomas Jefferson’s people as a young man to become the first Professor of Anatomy and Medicine at the University of Virginia |
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-Nobel winner, “Father of Chemotherapy”
-Gram stain for bacteria
-developed the idea that their were “side chains” (antigens) on microorganisms that could be recognized by serum
-rationalized that there had to be exploitable sensitivity differences between humans and microorganisms
--successfully treated trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) with effective but very toxic atoxyl (arsenilic acid)
–-screened hundreds of compounds to find Salvarsan, a less toxic arsenic compound for treating syphilis… this was a “big deal” |
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formulated the idea that tissues had “receptive substances” to which chemicals bound to bring about an effect… RECEPTORS
further observed that each cell responded to a chief substance concerned with their main function |
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| complained that almost anyone could practice medicine |
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“Flexner Report”, 1910
Former teacher and principal, paid by the Carnegie Foundation to visit all medical schools in the US and Canada and prepare a status report
Compared schools to Johns Hopkins University, which he and his associates considered ideal
Examined each school’s location, finances/endowment, entrance requirements, attendance, qualifications of teaching staff, resources available for maintenance, laboratory facilities and clinical facilities
Flexner’s Report provided a comprehensive roadmap for schools, state education, medical education, state licensure, public health, scientific research, and public hospitals.
This report helped lay the groundwork for what we now consider to be modern traditional/conventional medicine, and by exclusion, what we now call alternative medicine. |
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Father of American Pharmacology
moved to Johns Hopkins in 1897 to open a Dept. of Pharmacology there
founded Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Journal of Biological Chemistry
isolated a modified form of epinephrine (adrenaline) from adrenal glands
crystallized insulin |
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kept a cluttered lab, noticed a kill zone around a piece of moldy bread on a culture plate of S. aureus in 1928… penicillin
Chain and Abraham figured out how to isolate and purify penicillin in 1940, making it available to allies during WWII |
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| Henry Dale and Otto Loewi |
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| shared Nobel prize for discovery that acetylcholine was parasympathetic neurotransmitter |
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| rigorously studied concentration of a drug and its effect at a receptor, i.e., did DOSE-RESPONSE CURVES |
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Studied drug receptor interactions, characterized responses mathematically by their:
–affinity -> potency
–intrinsic activity |
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Studied drug receptor interactions, demonstrated:
–demonstrated spare receptors
–defined efficacy |
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| John Gaddum and Heinz Schild |
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| introduced the concepts of dose-ratios and mathematical equations for quantifying the effects of ANTAGONISTS, drugs that bound to the receptor but lacked intrinsic activity (i.e., didn’t cause a response by themselves) |
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developed propranolol in the 1950’s, the β-adrenergic antagonist that was the first receptor subtype selective blocker on the market (Inderal®, used to treat hypertension)
also developed cimetidine (Tagamet®), histamine type 2 receptor blocker used to suppress stomach acid secretion for treating ulcers |
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Developed radioligand binding assays in 1970 as a means for measuring the levels of a receptor in tissues
–proved that the abstract concept of receptors actually existed |
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| received Nobel Prize in 1993 for his work improving the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique that revolutionized molecular biology |
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