Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Parasympathomimetic: a synthetic choline ester that is more resistant to AChE and is more selective for mAChRs; Use for ruminal atony, to induce GI motility, and empty bladder |
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Term
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Definition
| Parasympathomimetic: more resistant to AChE and more selective for mAChRs |
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Term
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Definition
| Parasympathomimetic: mAChR agonist - natural alkaloid; active ingredient of some poisonous mushrooms |
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Term
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Definition
| Parasympathomimetic: mAChR agonist - natural alkaloid; used to treat glaucoma (caues miosis) |
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Term
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Definition
| Parasympathomimetic: mAChR antagonist - belladonna alkaloids; BLOCK PS stimulation; high potency in heart, intestines, bronchioles; increases HR/BP; tx for sinus rhythm bradycardia, GI/urinary muscle spasms, ophthalmology procedures, organophosphate poison tx |
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Term
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Definition
| Parasympathomimetic: mAChR antagonist - belladonna alkaloid; lower potency than atropine - tx for sinus rhythm bradycardia, GI/urinary muscle spasms, ophthalmology procedures, organophosphate poison tx |
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Term
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Definition
| Parasympathomimetic: anticholinesterase; short acting/reversible; used to dx myasthenia gravis |
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Term
| Physostigmine & Neostigmine |
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Definition
| Parasympathomimetic: anticholinesterase; long acting/reversible; carbamylated intermediate; if used with Ach - potentiates effects - large dec. in BP/HR; tx for glaucoma, GI atony, Myasthenia gravis |
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Term
| Organophosphate compounds |
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Definition
| Parasympathomimetic: anticholinesterase; irreversible - phosphorylates AChE; highly lipophilic/able to cross BBB and absorbed by lungs, mucous membranes, skin |
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Term
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Definition
| AChE reactivator - facilitates the removal of phosphate groups from AChE as long as "aging" has not occurred; give in combo with Atropine to combat organophosphate poisoning |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulates release of GABA and potentiates inhibitory signaling (removes PS inhibition) - result: tachycardia; mild salivation; mydriasis - tx by giving Neostigmine |
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Term
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Definition
| Direct sympathomimetic: Nonselective adrenergic receptor agonist: used with local anesthetics (alpha-1), tx anaphylaxis/asthma (beta-2), cardiac arrest (beta-1) |
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Term
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Definition
| Direct sympathomimetic: Nonselective adrenergic receptor agonist: low affinity for beta-2; causes vasoconstriction (alpha-1); increased HR (beta-1); decrease NE relase form terminals (alpha-2) |
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Term
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Definition
| Direct sympathomimetic: Selective alpha-1-agonist - used to tx hypotension w/o cardiac stimulation |
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Term
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Definition
| Direct sympathomimetic: Selective alpha-2-agonist - used to tx hypertension - decreases NE release - decreases vasoconstriction/decreases BP |
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Term
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Definition
| Direct sympathomimetic: Non-selective beta agonist - used to tx cardiac arrythmias (beta-1 increases contractilty/HR) and acute bronchospasm (beta-2 bronchodilates) |
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Term
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Definition
| Direct sympathomimetic: Selective beta-1 agonist: ICU tx for cardiac arrythmias |
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Term
| Terbutaline, albuterol, clenbuterol |
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Definition
| Direct sympathomimetic: Selective beta-2 agonists: tx for bronchial asthmas and airway obstruction |
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Term
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Definition
| Sympatholytics - adrenergic blocking drug: Non-selective COMPETITIVE alpha antagonists - used to tx hypertension |
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Term
| Phenoxybenzamine, dibenamine |
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Definition
| Sympatholytics - adrenergic blocking drug: Non-selective NON-COMPETITIVE alpha antagonists - tx for pheocromocytoms/hypertension |
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Term
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Definition
| Sympatholytics - adrenergic blocking drug: Selective alpha-1 antagonist; used to tx hypertension/adjunct therapy for CHF |
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Term
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Definition
| Sympatholytics - adrenergic blocking drug: Seletive alpha-2 antagonist; reverse toxic effects of xylazine (prevents feedback inhibition from happening so more NE is released and the dog wakes up) |
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Term
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Definition
| Sympatholytics - adrenergic blocking drug: Non-selective beta antagonist - tx exercise - induced arrhythmias since heart is PS at rest (at rest, only see slight depression of HR, contractile force, and CO) |
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Term
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Definition
| Sympatholytics - adrenergic blocking drug: Selective beta-1 antagonists; used to tx supraventricular tachycardia and PVCs (safer than propranolol because doesn't bronchoconstrict) |
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Term
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Definition
| Indirect sympathomimetic: amine transporter blocker - result: increased NE in the terminals - little effect on dopamine transporters; used to tx behavior disorders, neuropathic pain |
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Term
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Definition
| Indirect sympathomimetic: amine transport blocker - result: increased NE in the terminals; HAS inhibitory effect on DA transports; tx for cataplexy, narcolepsy |
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Term
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Definition
| Indirect sympathomimetic: cause release of NE into synpatic cleft - causes tachyphyllaxis (type of pharmacodynamic tolerance where there is a rapid loss of response to a drug w/o a change in the R) |
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Term
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Definition
| Indirect sympathomimetic: cause release NE into synpatic cleft/substitude amphetamine; used in cold medicines as a decongestant (pseudophedrine/phenylephrine) and treats urinary incontinence (agonizes alpha-1) |
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Term
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Definition
| Indirect sympathomimetic: cause release of NE into synpatic cleft; can cross BBB/CNS effects; addictive to do DA release; appetite suppression due to potentiation of 5HT release |
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Term
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Definition
| Indirect sympathomimetic: MAOIs - NE is more availiable for action potentials because free NE is not degraded; used as an antidepressant in humans b/c interferes with DA and 5HT degradation; tx of cognitive dysfunciton in canines |
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Term
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Definition
| Sympatholytics - adrenergic neuron blocking drug: impairs cytoplasmic uptake into storage vesicles, so MAOs deplete NE in the terminals |
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Term
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Definition
| Sympatholytics - adrenergic neuron blocking drug: displaces NE from storage vesicles so MAOs break down NE |
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Term
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Definition
| Ganglionic drug: effect determined by predominant tone - potent/crosses BBB, causes release of DA, NE, 5HT and behaves like Ach |
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Term
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Definition
| Ganglionic drug: effects determined by predominant tone |
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Term
| Mecamylamine, Hexamethonium, Trimethapan |
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Definition
| Ganglionic blockers: competes with Ach for binding to nAChRs (competitive antagonist) - used to treat hypertension and reduce bleeding during surgery |
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Term
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Definition
| GABAa channel agonist - treats epileptic seizures and muscle spasms |
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Term
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Definition
| GABAa channel agonist - anesthetic |
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Term
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Definition
| Voltage-gated ion channel antagonist - Ca++ channel blocker - decreases HR in patients w/supraventricular tachycardias |
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Term
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Definition
| Voltage-gated ion channel antagonist - Na+ channel blocker - local anesthetic |
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Term
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Definition
| Ribosylates Gs so it's always on - AC constitutively activated - chronically elevated cAMP - massive efflux of water from blood to lumen |
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Term
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Definition
| Ribosylates Gi so it's always off - AC always active - chronically elevated cAMP - massive efflux of water from blood to lumen |
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Term
Methylxanthines:
Theophyllines, Aminophylline, Caffeine, Theobromine |
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Definition
Inhibit cAMP-phospodiesterases so cAMP is always on - Beta-1 receptor (Gs)... also antagonizes adenosine receptors that stimulate contraction (Gi);
main ingredient in chocolate; toxicosis - vomiting, restlessness, hyperactivity, hypotension, tachycardia;
results - bronchodilation, CNS/Cardiac Stimulation |
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Term
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Definition
| Endogenous signaling - primary determinant of resting vascular tone; important in CNS, cardiovascular, immune system; activates Soluble Guanylate Cyclase (GC) - increases PKG which causes strong vascular/airway dilation via decreasing myosin-actin interaction, activates K+ channels, and decreases activity of proteins involved in Ca++ efflux/store release |
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Term
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Definition
| Exogenous NO donor - alleviates angina by decreasing cardiac workload and myocardial oxygen requirement |
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Term
| Sildenafil (Viagra), Vardenafil (Levitra), Tadalafil (Cialis) |
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Definition
| Inhibitors of cGMP phosphodiesterases (PDEs) - tx for erectile dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension; highly specificl for PDE is vasculature (PDE 5) |
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Term
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Definition
| Osmotic diuretic: Unabsorbed synthetic sugar draws water into the lumen; freely filtered by glomerulus, poorly reabsorbed by the renal tubule, relatively inert pharmacologically |
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Term
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Definition
| Loop diuretic: Inhibitor of Na+/K+/2Cl- symport in loop of Henle |
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Term
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Definition
| Thiazides: inhibitors of Na+/Cl- reabsorption in distal convoluted tubule; decrease calciuresis |
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Term
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Definition
| Potassium-sparing: mineralcorticoid receptor antagonists (may oppose fibrotic effects of increased aldosterone concentration in heart and kidneys); late distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct |
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Term
| Acetazoamide/Methazolamide |
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Definition
| Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors in renal proximal tubule - HCO3- lost with Na+ and K+ following; used for glaucoma, hyperkalemic periodic paralysis, acute mountain sickness |
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Term
| Phenylpropanolamine - PPA (lower urinary tract) |
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Definition
| Alpha adrenergic agonist - increase NE release to increase internal sphincter tone (alpha) |
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Term
| Diethylstilbestrol (lower urinary tract) |
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Definition
| Synthetic estrogen - enhances binding of catecholamines via increased sensitivity to NE to increase internal sphincter tone (alpha-1) |
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Term
| Penoxybenxamine (lower urinary tract) |
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Definition
| Alpha receptor antagonist - relax urethral tone (use for urethral spasms or refractory hypertension) |
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Term
| Prazocin (lower urinary tract) |
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Definition
| Alpha-1 adrenergeric antagonists - relax urethral tone (urethral spasm or refractory hypertension) |
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Term
| Benzodiazepines: Midaozlam, Diazepam, Alprazolam |
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Definition
| Facilitates GABAa action central - central sedative, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, skeletal muscle relaxant |
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Term
| Bethanechol (lower urinary tract) |
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Definition
| Cholinergic (Ach) agonist - increase detrusor tone (used for bladder atony) |
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Term
| Oxybutynin (lower urinary tract) |
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Definition
| Cholinergic antagonist - relax detrusor muscle (decreases bladder spasms associed with chronic inflammation/infection) |
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Term
| Finasteride (Proscar) - prostatic disease |
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Definition
| Inhibits 5-alpha reductase (necessary enzyme for bioactivating testosterone to a more active form - DHT) |
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Term
| Tamsulosin (Flomax) - prostatic disease |
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Definition
| Antagonist of alpha - 1A adrenergic receports - relaxes smooth muscles within prostatic urethra |
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